为了掌握石羊河下游红砂群落近年来的生长状况,在对石羊河下游红砂群落实地调查的基础上,应用Shannon-Wiener和Simpson物种多样性指数和Pielou物种均匀度指数对群落结构特征进行分析研究.结果表明,石羊河下游红砂群落的物种共有24种,分别属于9科,21属;有小灌木或半灌木12种,多年生草本3种,一年生草本9种;红砂群落物种组成单一,科属组成分散;植物区系表现出明显的温带性质;红砂对群落的结构及稳定性具有重要作用;群落稳定性由半灌木和小灌木决定;群落物种多样性指数、群落物种均匀度高,群落物种优势度低,群落较为稳定.综上所述,红砂群落物种多样性指数、群落物种均匀度高,群落物种优势度低,群落较为稳定.

为了掌握石羊河下游矮脚锦鸡儿种群近年来的生长状况,本研究对石羊河下游矮脚锦鸡儿种群进行实地调查,采用方差/均值比率法判断矮脚锦鸡儿种群的分布格局,并统计分析年龄结构.结果显示:矮脚锦鸡儿在石羊河下游荒漠区域具有天然更新的条件,种群有比较丰富的幼树和小树储备,会在相当长的时期内保持增长或稳定状态.结论:矮脚锦鸡儿在石羊河下游荒漠区域仍然能够进行有性繁殖和克隆繁殖2种更新方式,具有较强的自然更新能力,属于增长型种群.石羊河下游矮脚锦鸡儿种群在4个龄级水平上都呈集群分布,但聚集程度逐渐降低.

[目的]掌握石羊河下游矮脚锦鸡儿群落生长状况.[方法]在对石羊河下游矮脚锦鸡儿群落实地调查的基础上,应用Simpson和Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数和Pielou物种均匀度指数对群落结构特征进行分析研究.[结果]石羊河下游矮脚锦鸡儿群落共有10科14属16种植物组成.植物区系组成简单,温带成分占优势.驼驼蒿、沙生针茅和蝎虎霸王对群落环境的形成有明显的控制作用.灌木和多年生草本在群落中占有重要地位.[结论]矮脚锦鸡儿群落物种多样性指数、群落均匀度高,群落较为稳定.

[目的]掌握石羊河下游柠条锦鸡儿群落近年来的生长状况.[方法]在对石羊河下游柠条锦鸡儿群落进行了实地调查的基础上,应用Simpson和Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数和Pielou物种均匀度指数对群落结构特征进行分析研究.[结果]石羊河下游柠条锦鸡儿群落共有 7 科,12 属,13 种植物组成.世界分布型的科和属除外,其余科和属均具有温带性质.柠条锦鸡儿在阿拉古山和红敖包两个分布区中,地位明显,对群落的结构、生态系统功能及稳定性具有重要作用.灌木层的重要值大于多年生草本和一年生草本植物,对群落的稳定性起关键作用.红敖包柠条锦鸡儿群落物种丰富度、多样性指数、群落均匀度均大于阿拉古山的柠条锦鸡儿群落.[结论]石羊河下游柠条锦鸡儿群落相对稳定.

通过野外调查并查阅文献资料,甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区共有陆栖野生脊椎动物180种,隶属4纲28目63科115属.按区系划分,广布种88种,古北界91种,东洋界只有1种.分布型有10种,以北方类群为主.国家一级重点保护动物有11种,国家二级保护动物有30种.中国林蛙、白尾地鸦和荒漠沙蜥为中国特有种.G-F指数分析结果表明,保护区鸟类相对丰富,哺乳类次之,两栖爬行类最低.动物区系以蒙新区特点为主.

2018年7月和2019年7月,沿荒漠植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)天然分布地带,在内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃选取4个典型样地,采集油蒿根围土样和根样,研究丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiaze,AM)真菌地理分布以及土壤因子的生态功能.共分离鉴定6属32种AM真菌.在低海拔地区(1 000～1 300 m)和高海拔地区(1 600～1 900 m),球囊霉属(Glomus)和无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)为优势属;在中海拔地区(1 300～1 600 m),球囊霉属和斗管囊霉属(Funneliformis)为亚优势属;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)在3个海拔地区均为偶见属,近明囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)在低海拔地区为偶见属,在高、中海拔地区为伴生属;缩管柄囊霉属(Septoglomus)在3个海拔地区均为伴生属.油蒿根围AM真菌定殖分布表现出空间分布特征:从东到西随海拔高度增加,菌丝、泡囊、总定殖率和定殖强度总体呈渐增趋势,最大定殖率为70％,最小定殖率为13.3％.主成分分析表明,氨氮、湿度、脲酶和速效磷是影响AM真菌分布的主要因子.相关性分析表明,海拔与酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、速效磷极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与有机碳显著正相关(P＜0.05),与总提取球囊霉素极显著负相关.

通过查阅资料和实地观测对山柑科刺山柑的生物学特性、 生长规律、 物候特征及利用价值的进行了初步研究.研究结果表明:刺山柑生态幅宽,能耐高温(47.6℃)和低温(-28.8℃),适应能力极强.不同立地条件下刺山柑分枝数和冠幅存在差异,农田附近刺山柑冠幅显著高于丘间地,土壤水分是影响其生长的关键因子.刺山柑生长量最快为5～6月,8月以后生长量较小,地径和枝条生长量相一致.刺山柑花期较长,长达2个月,果实成熟期也长达1个月,果实要适时采收,防止老鼠采食果实自动开裂掉落.

运用重要值、生态位宽度和生态位重叠度,对石羊河下游裸果木群落生态位特征进行研究,分析石羊河下游裸果木群落对资源的利用状况,揭示裸果木群落的结构和稳定性,以期明确裸果木群落各物种对环境的生态适应性及种间关系,为裸果木群落的保护、恢复和合理利用提供科学依据.结果表明:1)裸果木群落30个物种隶属13科28属.在裸果木群落中,裸果木的重要值和生态位宽度都明显高于群落中其他物种,为群落优势种,但裸果木群落极不稳定.2)在整个群落中生态位宽度从大到小依次是:裸果木、灌木亚菊、沙生针茅、猫头刺、泡泡刺、刺旋花、刺沙蓬、红砂等,在植物群落构建中起着重要的作用.3)生态位宽度大的物种与裸果木生态位重叠度成正比,生态位宽度和与裸果木生态位重叠度较大的物种有沙生针茅、灌木亚菊、猫头刺、泡泡刺、刺旋花等.4)裸果木群落中其它物种之间的生态位重叠程度总体偏低,只有个别的物种之间生态位重叠较大.

综述了我国干旱荒漠区常见固沙及药用植物黄花补血草分布范围、种子萌发及抗逆性特征、育苗及人工栽培技术、生理生态特征及开发利用等方面的研究成果,并提出了今后研究的思路和方法.黄花补血草抗旱、耐旱,集固沙、园林应用及药用开发利用价值于一体,是干旱荒漠区难得的优良植物资源之一,今后要加强黄花补血草在干旱荒漠区退耕地植被恢复、城市周边区域园林绿化等方面的开发利用,为干旱荒漠区植被恢复和生态环境建设做出积极的贡献.

[目的]了解甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区荒漠化土地现状和空间分布特征.[方法]基于遥感影像数据和地面调查相结合的方法,对保护区内荒漠化类型、程度、分布进行了调查.[结果]1)保护区荒漠化土地表现 为风蚀荒漠化和盐渍荒漠化两种类型,以风蚀荒漠化为主,面积为383 692.68 hm2,占保护区荒漠化土地总面积的99.30％.2)保护区荒漠化程度较重,以极重度荒漠化和重度荒漠化为主,占保护区荒漠化土地面积的65.20％;两种荒漠化类型发生的荒漠化程度不同,风蚀荒漠化发生程度较重,以极重度和重度荒漠化为主,占风蚀荒漠化土地总面积的65.59％,而盐渍化荒漠化发生的程度相对较轻,以中度荒漠化为主,占盐渍化荒漠化土地总面积的83.31％.3)保护区不同的土地利用类型中林地用地和未利用土地占有的荒漠化土地面积最大,占保护区荒漠化土地面积的89.56％,且以风蚀荒漠化为主,面积达343 558.65hm2;不同土地利用类型发生荒漠化的程度不同,林地和耕地荒漠化程度以中度为主,分别占林地和耕地荒漠化面积的43.01％和87.42％,草地以重度为主,占草地荒漠化面积的63.20％,未利用地以极重度为主,占未利用地荒漠化面积的89.28％.[结论]甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区土地荒漠化类型单一以风蚀为主,荒漠化发生程度较重,以极重度和重度为主,且主要存在未利用地中,开展林业生态工程建设和封育保护减少人为破坏是遏制保护区荒漠化发展的有效途径.

增补甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区昆虫名录95种,分别是蜻蜓目2科5属7种、鞘翅目13科28属32种、半翅目2科4属5种,膜翅目4科10属10种、革翅目1科1属1种、鳞翅目9科16属19种,直翅目5科6属7种,双翅目1科5属9种,脉翅目1科5属5种.其中,巨短胸步甲、扁胸漠甲为甘肃省新记录种.

探讨了干旱荒漠区育苗措施对蒙古扁桃苗木生长的影响,结果表明:(1)覆盖地膜的蒙古扁桃苗木平均冠幅、平均高度和平均地径比未覆盖地膜的分别高30.61个百分点、15.05个百分点和23.12个百分点,可在育苗生产中推广应用.(2)蒙古扁桃播种育苗中灌溉8次的苗木比灌溉6次的苗木稍高,但对冠幅和地径影响不大,在生产中以灌溉6次即可,即5、6月份每月灌溉1次,7、8月份每月灌溉2次.(3)施肥量50 g/m2与40 g/m2对苗木高度和冠幅的影响不大,施肥量50 g/m2的苗木地径稍粗,在生产中可施肥40～50g/m2.

This paper mainly studied the extinction risk and the classes of conservation priority of wild plants in the lower reaches of Shiyang River by using quantitative methods,based on field investigation from 2014 to 2016,as well as literature consulting.The degree of endangerment was evaluated quantitatively by 5 indices:distribution frequency of line-transect,distribution frequency of sample plot,existent abundance,distribution mode,and exclusiveness.The results showed that there were 7 endangered species,9 vulnerable species,10 near threatened species and 252 safe species in the lower reaches of Shiyang River.A comprehensive evaluation was carried out on the order of priority for conservation of plant species by endangerment index,genetic loss index and utility value index.Ten species were the first rank for protection,18 were in the second rank,and 250 were non-protection species.

[Purpose] Niche characteristics of Potaninia mongolica community in the lower reach of Shiyang River were studied to determine the species ecological adaption to the environment,which provides the scientific basis for the protection,recover and reasonable use of P.mongolica community.[Method] By the use of importance value,niche breadth and niche overlap,the utilization of species of P.mongolica community to resources in the lower reach of Shiyang River was analyzed to show the structure and stability of P.mongolica community.[Results] (1) P.mongolica was the dominant species of the community,the importance value and the niche breadth of which were significantly higher than other species.(2) In the whole community,the niche breadth from large to small was as follows:Potaninia mongolica,Salsola passerina,Allium mongolicum Regel,Zygophyllum mucronatum Maxim.,Peganum nigellastrum Bge.,Anabasis brevifolia.(3) S.passerina and Z.mucronatum Maxim.had both higher niche breadth and P.mongolica niche overlap in the whole P.mongolica community;(4) The niche overlap of the other species in the P.mongolica community was generally low,except for the individuals,among which were relatively high.[Conclusion] The P.mongolica community was in a relatively stable stage in the lower reach of Shiyang River.P.mongolica,S.passerina,A.mongolicum Regel,Z.mucronatum Maxim.,P.nigellastrum Bge.,A.brevifolia play critical roles in the structure of the plant community due to the wider ecological amplitude.Also,the higher the niche breadth of the speciesis,the higher niche overlap with P.mongolicais.It means that P.mongolica competes with species that requires the similar ecological environment,such as S.passerina and Z.mucronatum Maxim.

通过开展实地调查,确定石羊河下游珍稀濒危植物主要有发菜、裸果木、绵刺、肉苁蓉、沙冬青、蒙古扁桃、沙拐枣、中麻黄、斑子麻黄、草麻黄、甘草、梭梭、胡杨、阿拉善单刺蓬等14种.综合分析了石羊河流域内由于工农业生产迅速发展,对水资源的需求大幅度增长,使流入下游的水量大幅度减少,导致下游极度缺水,植物死亡严重.该地区属贫困荒漠地区,受生态意识较低及经济利益的驱动,人类活动极其频繁,对自然生态环境的破坏和森林植被的破坏极为严重,一些经济价值和使用价值较高的植物极度退化,致使其成为稀有、濒危物种.本论述对石羊河下游珍稀濒危植物的保护对策作了初步探讨.

Objective] The aim was to discuss the effects of mulching ways, seeds treatment and sowing depth on emergence of Prunus mon-golica seed.[ Method] Three factors randomized block design including coverage ways, seed treatment and sowing depth was conducted, the emergence of each treatment plot was recorded 1 times every 2 d, seedling emergence time, emergence ratio and emergence rate were adopted to describe seed emergence status.[Result] Mulching with plastic film, seedling emergence period was 8 d ahead of time, and 10 d in ad-vance.Emergence ratio and rate was improved significantly.Through boiling water soaking, warm water soaking and cold storage of mixed sand, emergence starting period and peak period was earlier than that of cold water soaking by 8-10 d, 12-14 d, respectively; emergence ratio was improved by 21.7 percents, 20.8 percents, 23.1 percents;emergence rate was improved by 1.39 times, 1.21 times and 1.45 times respectively.Soil coverage had significant influence on seeds emergence ratio and rate, the more thick of cover soil, the longer the emergence time and the lower the emergence rate.[Conclusion] Mulching with plastic film should be adopted for breeding in P.mongolica field, 1 cm thickness of soil coverage is suitable, using boiling water soaking, warm water soaking and cold storage of mixed sand according to different sit-uations.

为给有效保护和合理利用甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区药用植物资源提供科学依据,采用样地调查与查阅资料相结合的方法.在编撰甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区药用植物名录的基础上,对甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区药用价值资源的多样性进行了研究及珍稀濒危和优势药用植物资源调查.结果表明,甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区的药用植物种类共有35科、87属、116种,其多样性特征明显,在科属种、地理分布、生活类型、药用部位、药效等方面均表现出了丰富的多样性,保护区内有珍稀濒危药用植物8种,隶属6科、7属,重点介绍5科6种具开发利用价值的主要优势药用植物,并就甘肃民勤连古城国家级自然保护区药用植物资源的保护和利用问题提出了几条建议.

We studied the community structure and species diversity characteristics of Potaninia mongolica community in the lower reaches of Shiyanghe River .A total of 30 species belonging to 27 genera in 10 families were identified in the surveyed plots, and the species were unitary and the families and genus are of scattered composition .The community density and coverage of shrub plants are obviously greater than those of perennial and annual herb plants .Community density is the maximum on the mountain valley , but the gravel desert is the minimum .There is no significant difference between moun-tainous valley and gravel desert in the community coverage , and the alluvial fan is the minimum .The species richness for Potaninia mongolica community is higher in the alluvial fan and mountainous valley than that in the gravel desert .The spe-cies diversity characteristics are more stable in the mountainous valley than that in the gravel desert .

Totally 31 species of medicinal insects in Minqin Liangucheng National Nature Reserve in Gansu were introduced , belonging to 8 or-ders, 18 families, accounting for 12.97%of total number of main medicinal insects in China , their hosts, distribution, medicinal parts and value were discussed, several suggestions on present situation of medicinal insect resources, development and utilization were proposed.

梭梭绵蚧(Pulvinaria sp.)是石羊河下游干旱荒漠区危害梭梭人工林的主要害虫,可导致寄主枝干及嫩梢枯萎,严重时整个植株死亡.本文对梭梭绵蚧形态特征、生物学特性及发生规律进行观测,并提出综合防治技术.