On-site rapid monitoring of the permanganate index (CODMn) is critical for assessing the distribution and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface water. Herein, we proposed a portable field test kit for rapid, visual, and cost-effective CODMn detection, complemented by an unmanned vessel for automated sampling. The method exploits the solid-phase fluorescence filter effect (SPFFE) between carbon dots (CDs) and iodine, enabling the quantification of residual KMnO4 (calculated as CODMn). A smartphone-based reader and a user-friendly fluorescence reference card were developed for quantitative analysis of CODMn and water quality classification. Under optimal conditions, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 mg L-1 was obtained for CODMn with relative standard deviations (RSDs) better than 2.0%. In a field application, 33 water samples were collected and analyzed across a 133,300 m2 lake within 2 h. The results demonstrated a strong agreement with the standard method, exhibiting enhanced sensitivity, reproducibility, and portability. Spatial mapping further revealed that CODMn distribution patterns were influenced by local environmental features. This work establishes a mechanism-driven analytical strategy that couples a previously unexplored SPFFE modulation with field-deployable test kit design and autonomous sampling, advancing practical CODMn measurement for decentralized water quality monitoring and providing a scalable solution for real-time environmental surveillance.

Accurate on-site detection of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in water facilitates rapid assessment of pollution levels and the implementation of appropriate measures. However, current on-site analytical methods still face limitations such as low sensitivity and vulnerability to interference. Herein, a novel and label-free fluorescent analytical strategy has been developed for highly sensitive analysis of Cr(VI) in water, based on the efficient oxidative cleavage of DNA induced by ultraviolet (UV) light. It has been demonstrated through experimental means that the singlet oxygen produced as a result of UV light-induced Cr(VI) is the primary cause of DNA cleavage. This renders Cr(VI) both the active centre of the system and the detection target, thereby ensuring the simplicity and accuracy of the method. Furthermore, cation exchange resin was employed for the pretreatment of water samples, thereby significantly reducing interference from coexisting metals on the analytical method. Based on this, a Cr(VI) detection platform integrating sample pretreatment and fluorescence chemosensor was successfully developed. Rapid determination of Cr(VI) can be achieved by capturing fluorescence images using a smartphone, with a detection limit as low as 30 nM. The analysis results of standard samples and surface water samples indicate that this strategy could be used for on-site detection of Cr(VI) in actual water samples. This method has advantages such as high sensitivity, low interference, and portable equipment, and shows great potential for rapid screening of Cr(VI) pollution and water quality assessment.

OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of blood alcohol and acetaldehyde, quantify acute psychomotor impairment, and evaluate the influence of beverage type under standardized alcohol dosing in healthy Han Chinese adults. METHODS:Eleven participants with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype consumed baijiu, beer, and red wine on separate occasions at a standardized alcohol dose of 0.8 g/kg. Blood alcohol concentrations and blood acetaldehyde concentrations were measured for 8 h. Psychomotor function was evaluated with four validated tasks, and mood states were assessed with the Profile of Mood States and the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. RESULTS:The earliest blood alcohol concentration peak was observed in six participants after baijiu, four after red wine, and one after beer; similarly, the earliest blood acetaldehyde concentration peak occurred in six participants after baijiu, two after red wine, and three after beer. All beverages induced time-dependent psychomotor impairments (P <0.05), but no significant differences were detected between beverage types (P >0.05). Mood state assessments also revealed significant time effects (P <0.05). Notably, blood acetaldehyde concentrations were negatively correlated with hand-eye coordination (pursuit rotor task, r = -0.368, P = 0.035), whereas blood alcohol concentrations were positively correlated with subjective stimulation (r = 0.544, P = 0.001). DISCUSSION:Although alcohol absorption kinetics differ among beverage types, likely due to concentration-dependent effects on gastric emptying, the acute effects on psychomotor function and mood remain comparable at equivalent alcohol doses. This suggests that beverage type does not influence the extent of functional impairment. CONCLUSION:Although different alcoholic beverages exhibit distinct pharmacokinetic profiles, their acute effects on psychomotor function and mood are comparable when equivalent doses of alcohol are consumed. These findings suggest that blood alcohol concentration, rather than beverage type, is the primary determinant of alcohol-induced impairment.

Growing demand for rapid on-site analysis in environmental monitoring, food safety, and point-of-care testing is hindered by matrix interference and limited sensitivity. Fluorescent inner filter effect (IFE)-based sensing platforms have emerged as a promising solution due to their straightforward design, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with portable devices. This review systematically explores phase-state engineering strategies to enhance the anti-interference capability and sensitivity of IFE probes. It covers foundational liquid-phase systems, reagent-immobilized solid-liquid interfaces, and gas-solid/liquid confined interfaces. We highlight phase-state engineering as a powerful yet underexplored paradigm that promotes matrix separation and analyte enrichment, thereby significantly enhanced detection performance. The integration of portable devices with IFE sensing systems is also highlighted to address challenges in complex sample matrices. This work provides a strategic roadmap for developing robust, field-deployable IFE sensors, bridging the gap between laboratory analysis and real-world applications to support on-site decision-making in resource-limited environments.

Phosphate (Pi) monitoring in biological fluids is crucial for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, yet the lack of real-time detection methods and devices continues to pose challenges in their practical implementation. This work presents a solution anode glow discharge (SAGD) plasma strategy for the one-step synthesis of yttriumMOFs (Y-MOFs), where abundant electrons at the plasma-liquid interface enable the rapid nucleation and growth of Y-MOFs with a high signal-to-noise for the detection of Pi. The synthesized Y-MOFs were further engineered into a ratiometric probe by integrating rhodamine 110 chloride, achieving remarkable and highly sensitive fluorescence responses from green to red with the addition of Pi. To address the matrix interference susceptibility issue in MOFs-based biosensing, an ultrasonic nebulization-assisted sampling method was also developed and utilized to accomplish the differential phase-transfer behavior of phosphate in aerosol droplets. Integrated with the plasma-synthesized Y-MOFs sensor, the platform achieves the visual detection (LOD = 0.2 mu M) and quantitative analysis (LOD = 0.07 mu M) of Pi, outperforming commercial kits (LOD = 0.02 mM) by 285-fold sensitivity. The portable ultrasonic nebulization integrated Y-MOFs sensing establishes a robust and pretreatment-free platform for Pi analysis in complex biological fluids.

Organic pollutants derived from industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and pharmaceutical excretions are accelerating global water pollution, therefore necessitating rapid methods and portable devices to enable timely environmental monitoring and public health protection. Conventional laboratory techniques, while accurate, suffer from high costs, delayed results, and limited spatiotemporal coverage, hindering real-time risk assessment and early-warning responses. Recent innovations in field-deployable sensors offer a transformative alternative through smartphone-based colorimetry, miniaturized optical devices, electrochemical detection, and microfluidics to achieve on-site analysis with high sensitivity and cost-effectiveness. This review systematically examines advances in rapid field detection for key water quality indicators and specific contaminants, highlighting breakthroughs in miniaturized optical emission spectrometers, screen-printed electrodes, and automated microfluidic chips. The current technologies overcome critical limitations of centralized laboratories by enabling drone-assisted sampling, unmanned shipborne monitoring, and multiplexed analysis, thus capturing dynamic pollution patterns in complex aquatic environments. The significance of this work lies in its potential to standardize portable protocols for real-time contaminant tracking, ultimately supporting watershed management and contamination mitigation. Future efforts should prioritize balancing sensitivity with portability, enhancing anti-interference capabilities, and integrating artificial intelligence for multi-target analysis.

The real-time monitoring of low-molecular-weight gases generated during lithium polymer battery (LPB) degradation is crucial for safety. However, the simultaneous and sensitive detection of both inorganic and organic species remains a significant challenge for gas chromatography (GC). Herein, we developed an enhanced dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) microplasma detector that addresses this limitation. By leveraging the atomic or molecular emission characteristics of elements within the plasma, this detector can analyze O2, N2, H2, CO2, CO, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons with high sensitivity. The enhanced discharge apparatus physically isolates the electrodes from the plasma chamber, thereby preventing carbon deposition and delivering superior signal strength and stability compared to conventional designs. Furthermore, the influence of discharge chamber dimensions on signal performance was systematically investigated. Under optimal conditions, the detection of limits for H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6 were 6, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5, 0.1, and 0.1 μmol/mol, respectively, significantly outperforming previous reports and commercial detectors. The accuracy of this strategy was confirmed with standard gases, and its practical utility was successfully demonstrated by analyzing gases from real swollen LPBs. This work provides a highly promising and universal solution for sophisticated gas analysis in LPB safety assessment.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) represent a rapidly expanding and chemically diverse class of new psychoactive substances, deliberately designed to mimic the effects of natural cannabis. However, their high potency and full agonism at cannabinoid receptors lead to severe public health risks. The primary mechanism of SCBs' action involves the robust activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors, which in turn trigger a cascade of downstream events. This includes the profound dysregulation of key neurotransmitter systems, critical ion channel functions, and essential intracellular signaling pathways, culminating in widespread cellular dysfunction and damage. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted pathogenesis through which SCBs induce systemic harm. It systematically examines the clinical evidence and molecular mechanisms that connect SCB exposure to a spectrum of adverse outcomes, including life-threatening cardiovascular toxicities, significant neurological and psychiatric disorders, respiratory system diseases, digestive system diseases, and nephrotoxicity, and so forth. The point of this review, elucidating the intricate mechanisms underlying SCB toxicity, will be crucial, as this knowledge is the key to unlocking targeted therapies and effectively mitigating the severe health consequences of their abuse.

Heparin is a widely used blood anticoagulant and its monitoring in blood is essential during surgery. Unavoidable interference factors such as blood color and luminescence can interfere with the fluorescence visualization of heparin. Herein, we found a ratiometric fluorescence probe consisting of SYBR green and cresyl violet responsive to heparin mainly based on electrostatic interactions. A simple sensor was further embedded in an agarose hydrogel, exhibiting an obvious color change from orange to green without complex pretreatment of blood, which overcomes the susceptibility of fluorescence sensors toward biological samples.

While oceanic iodine plays a critical role in monitoring marine pollution and biogeochemical cycles, existing detection methods suffer from compromised sensitivity, laborious pretreatment, and field-incompatible operation. Herein, we present a vapor-phase molecular recognition strategy that leverages iodine (I2)-induced structural transformation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) indirect detection, with rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) as a Raman probe of seawater iodine. Spectroscopic and electron microscopic results showed that I2 induced stronger sequential aggregation and anisotropic etching of nanoparticles than I-, effectively suppressing SERS enhancement. Theoretical calculations reveal that I2 exhibits a 3-fold stronger binding affinity with AgNPs compared to I-. By integrating headspace sampling with paper-based SERS substrates, this method achieves matrix interference elimination through gas-solid phase separation while enhancing sensitivity via vapor preconcentration. The developed approach demonstrates a low detection limit of 15.1 nM for iodide (RSD = 5.0%, n = 15), with a linear response across 50-1000 nM, and no significant interference with coexisting anions at 1000-fold higher concentrations. Field deployment along the Southeast China Sea coastline showed excellent correlation with standard mass spectrometry measurements. This work not only elucidates the molecular-level interaction between I2 and noble metal nanostructures but also establishes a new paradigm for in-field detection of marine radioactive isotopes through vapor-phase reaction engineering.

Marine cadmium (Cd2+) pollution is threatening environmental safety and human health. Highly efficient detection of Cd2+ in seawater and urine is essential. Herein, a simple graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (GO/MWCNTs) hydrogel based high-throughput solid-phase microextraction (SPME) array was developed and coupled with liquid electrode glow discharge microplasma-induced vapor generation (LEGD-μPIVG) atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) for sensitive determination of Cd2+. The GO/MWCNTs-coated fiber efficiently preconcentrated and separated Cd2+ from alkali/alkaline earth metals, thus mitigating interference from high-salt-containing matrix and improving sensitivity. The online elution of Cd2+ was achieved by inserting fiber into LEGD-μPIVG chamber as an electrode and injecting eluent into coating directly, further simplifying analytical steps. Under optimized conditions, the established method exhibited good linearity ranging from 0.05 to 5 μg L-1, with coefficients of determination of 0.991. The developed approach provides an enhancement factor of 43 and a limit of detection of 4 ng L-1. The relative standard deviations of the fiber-to-fiber (n = 20) and batch-to-batch reproducibility (n = 12) were less than 8.3 %. The accuracy and practicability of the proposed method were validated by analysis of Cd2+ in certified reference materials (GBW08607, GBW(E)091031, and GBW(E)091032), seawater samples, and urine samples with satisfactory t-test results with the certified values at the 95 % confidence level.

ObjectiveTo establish a rapid analysis method for cyanide based on a ratiometric fluorescent probe, providing a quantitative strategy for on-site visual and rapid detection of cyanide.MethodsA dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probe （AuNCs-FL） was constructed by using bovine serum albumin （BSA）-stabilized gold nanoclusters （AuNCs, fluorescence emission at 660 nm） as the responsive signal unit and fluorescein （FL, emission at 515 nm） as the internal reference.ResultsThe etching effect of cyanide on AuNCs resulted in fluorescence quenching at 660 nm, while the fluorescence intensity of FL at 515 nm remained unchanged, enabling a rapid response analysis of cyanide shift from red to green fluorescence. The developed probe enabled rapid analysis of cyanide within 3 min, with a limit of detection （LOD） of 3.4 mg/L and a visual detection range of 10-100 mg/L.ConclusionThe AuNCs-FL fluorescent probe is structurally simple, low-cost, and easy to operate, delivering rapid and accurate results. It also avoids the interference from sulfides encountered in commercial cyanide test kits, making it suitable for the on-site rapid detection of suspected powder samples in cyanide poisoning cases.

The inactivation of fluorescein derivatives due to proton attack under acidic conditions completely limits the optical properties and hinders a wide range of applications. Aggregation-related quenching is found to be another fundamental trait in addition to spirocyclization. Self-assembled dispersions of surfactants have been shown to precisely break the quenching limitation, thereby fully restoring or even enhancing the original optical properties. By combining experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations, the mechanism by which surfactants enable programmable fluorescence recovery is through proton sequestration and colloidal redispersion mediated by host-guest complexation and hydrogen bond reconstruction. Such a strategy achieves ≈2150-fold increase in fluorescence intensity at pH 1.0. Herein, a novel encryption strategy is presented utilizing the surfactant-activated optical performance of fluorescein derivatives, wherein proton-induced molecular aggregation triggers simultaneous chromogenic quenching and fluorescence suppression. The coupled inkjet printing technology is responsible for loading the dye onto the Whatman fiber paper, and the subsequent triggering of the release is achieved by spraying the surfactant solution. This innovation has led to the development of a fast response (1 s), low-priced, user-friendly, multi-channel encryption system. The anti-counterfeiting system has multiple optical switching characteristics, showing broad applications in the fields of anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, and intelligent packaging.

Chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] is a well-documented environmental carcinogen linked to DNA damage, oxidative stress, and systemic toxicity. Existing risk assessments predominantly focus on single-factor high-dose occupational exposures, while it is usually overlooked that Cr(VI) exists at a low level and coexists with environmental factors in real-world scenarios; thus, assessing the synergistic toxicity of low-dose Cr(VI) with coexposure is imperative. Herein, we reveal that UV irradiation critically amplifies the toxicity of low-dose Cr(VI) at both the molecular and tissue levels. Integrated in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that UV-induced redox cycling of Cr(VI) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing DNA and protein cleavage, cytotoxicity, and skin barrier damage. Notably, acute UV-Cr(VI) coexposure compromises skin barrier function, evidenced by a 50% increase in transepidermal water loss and disorganized stratum corneum ultrastructure (epidermal thickening, aberrant basal cell activation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells). These findings establish UV as a critical enhancer of Cr(VI) toxicity, revealing the synergistic toxicity of low-dose Cr(VI) and UV irradiation at molecular and tissue levels and challenging the traditional threshold-based safety Cr(VI) dosage. This work emphasizes the urgent need to re-evaluate environmental Cr(VI) risks under real-world light-exposed scenarios, with implications for sunscreen formulations, occupational safety guidelines, and ecological regulations in the face of growing environmental challenges.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the quality of canal obturation in 3D-printed C-shaped canals using Micro-CT and dye penetration with different filling techniques. Methodology: Sixty 3D-printed teeth with C-shaped canals were obturated using: AH Plus with continuous wave (AHCW), iRoot SP with single cone (SPSC) and iRoot SP with continuous wave (SPCW). Micro-CT was used for 3D reconstruction in two regions: 0~8 mm (overall canal) and 0~3 mm (apical segment). The volume of voids (V1) and total canal volume (V) were used to calculate porosity as (V1/V) × 100%. Sealing quality was assessed by dye penetration. Results: Results showed that AHCW exhibited significantly lower porosity within 8 mm (5.17%) compared to SPSC (9.02%) and SPCW (8.55%), (P < 05). No significant porosity differences were observed within 3 mm or in dye penetration. Conclusion: AHCW achieved better obturation in the middle and upper segments, with no significant differences among techniques in the apical segment.

Permanganate index (CODMn) is one of the most important indicators to assess organic pollution in surface water, however, its determination is often limited by the potential risks associated with sample collection and analyte loss during sample storage and transport. Herein, a novel strategy combining drone-based sample collection with microplasma point discharge carbon optical emission spectrometry (mu PD-C-OES) was described to effectively address these issues. The drone-based sample collection technique can follow preset routes to rapidly collect water samples at specified depths from various sites within a radius of 15 km, eliminating potential risks to operators and improving sampling accuracy. A miniaturized low-power mu PD-C-OES device coupling with sealed-digestion chemical vapor generation (SD-CVG) can accomplish rapid field detection of CODMn via quantification of the volatile CO2 produced from the oxidation of Na2C2O4 by residual KMnO4, thereby avoiding sample storage, transport, and analyte loss. Due to the high sensitivity of mu PD-C-OES and highly efficient matrix separation provided by the CVG technique, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.17 mg/L for CODMn was obtained, with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 11) better than 1.5 %. The practicality of this strategy was evaluated through the field analysis of water samples collected from a large reservoir and a river. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method not only facilitates safe, accurate and rapid water sample collection with precise GPS localization but also offers an innovative solution for the sensitive field detection of CODMn in surface water.

Background: Ketamine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It has attracted considerable attention for its rapid antidepressant effects in recent years, but ketamine-induced psychotic-like symptoms limit its clinical application. The molecular mechanisms and key targets underlying ketamine-induced psychiatric disorders remain unclear. Aims and Objectives: In this study, we utilized multi-brain region transcriptome data and bioinformatics methods to identify the key genes and pathways involved. Materials and Methods: First, we obtained transcriptome data of ketamine-treated and control brain tissues (including frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala) from public databases (GEO). Simultaneously, we retrieved psychiatric disorder-related gene sets from the GeneCards database. For each brain region sample, we performed single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to calculate enrichment scores for the psychiatric disorder gene set and assess differences between groups. We applied Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify gene modules associated with the high-expression phenotype and conducted Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation. In each brain region, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the high-expression and control groups were identified and intersected with WGCNA modules to obtain candidate key genes. Based on these candidates, we used three machine learning algorithms (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), and Random Forest) to obtain 12 sets of candidate feature genes, comparing model performance using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC). Results: The results indicated that the LASSO model for the frontal cortex exhibited the best performance, identifying nine feature genes (Galr1, Cbr3, Crem, Fosl2, Mypn, Maff, Rhbg, Tslp, Klra2). Further GO/KEGG enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted the close association of Fosl2 and Maff with ketamine-induced psychiatric disorders. Comparison with our prior proteomic data on the prefrontal cortex of a ketamine model revealed a markedly downregulated protein Cbr3. Subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays in a ketamine-induced psychiatric disorder mouse model confirmed these findings: Cbr3 was significantly downregulated, while Fosl2 and Maff were significantly upregulated in the prefrontal cortex, consistent with our analysis. Thus, Cbr3, Fosl2, and Maff were identified as core genes in ketamine-induced psychiatric disorders. Finally, we evaluated the correlation between these core genes and immune cell infiltration, and analyzed their functions in humans using Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data and genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci. Conclusion: This study comprehensively applied gene set enrichment, WGCNA, and machine learning to multi-brain region transcriptomes to systematically screen for potential core genes of ketamine-induced psychiatric disorders, with preliminary qPCR validation. These findings provide new insights into molecular markers and mechanisms in this field.

Excessive use of tetracyclines (TCs) has led to their potential risks to public health and the environment. Therefore, rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection of TCs in environmental samples is crucial for ecological monitoring and safeguarding public health. However, the available colorimetric strategies based on peroxidaselike activity for the analysis of TCs usually involve nanomaterial synthesis and are limited by poor selectivity and sensitivity. In this study, we found that TCs characteristics with photocatalytic oxidation of chromogenic substrates induced by ultraviolet light. To further improve the selectivity of TCs-responsive colorimetry, Gd3 + was introduced to redshift the absorption of TCs to avoid the interference of substances that easily absorb ultraviolet light. Besides, nucleotide-Gd3+ nanomaterials (GMP-Gd3+-NPs) was developed to achieve the concentration of TCs through simple mixing and centrifugation, allowing a highly sensitive TCs-responsive colorimetric detection. Under optimized conditions, the detection limits for tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline were as low as 2.9 nM, 2.7 nM, and 4.3 nM, respectively. Compared to other colorimetric strategies, this developed GMPGd3+-TCs retains selectivity and excellent photocatalytic activity performance, providing great potential in the determination of TCs in environmental monitoring.

Driven by the proliferation of opioids and new psychoactive substances, the global crisis of illicit drug abuse underscores an urgent need for rapid and portable detection tools for law enforcement and public health interventions. Recent advancements in aptamer-based fluorescent and colorimetric sensors offer a transformative alternative, combining their high sensitivity, specificity, and adaptability for on-site applications. This review critically highlights the aptamer selection advances for illicit drug small molecules, including breakthroughs in high-affinity molecular recognition and addressing screening challenges. Furthermore, the emerging optical sensing platforms and their innovations in signal transduction mechanisms and actual sample applications were highlighted. We also discuss emerging trends and future directions in aptamer-based optical sensors for illicit drug detection. The significance of this review lies in advancing the development of rapid and reliable sensing technologies for illicit drug detection, providing potential tools for roadside drug screening, border security, and forensic investigations.

Clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of ketamine to induce rapid antidepressant actions. However, considering the side effects such as neurotoxicity and abuse potential, the safety profile of prolonged use of ketamine still needs to be investigated. To provide evidence for toxicity studies of ketamine as an antidepressant.Rat’s locomotor activity and mood changes changes were observed by elevated plus-maze experiments. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of rat plasma and prefrontal cortex tissues was performed by UHPLC-QE/MS to screen differential expression metabolites and explore differential metabolic pathways. The number of entries into (0.80 ± 1.17 times, p < 0.05) and duration in (12.48 ± 13.65s, p < 0.01) open-arms were significantly lower than that of the control group (3.40 ± 1.62 times, 59.74 ± 23.32s), showing stronger anxiety degree.After withdrawal, the anxiety of rats was relieved. 74 differential metabolites were screened in the plasma of ketamine group, involving cysteine and methionine metabolism, valine and isoleucine biosynthesis, glutamine and glutamate metabolism. After one week of withdrawal, the cysteine and methionine metabolic pathways were still significantly different with the saline group; 87 metabolites in the prefrontal cortex significantly changed, which involved purine metabolism, ascorbic acid, and aldose metabolism pathways.