Methanol synthesis via CO 2 hydrogenation stands as a cornerstone technology for large-scale CO 2 valorization and green H 2 storage, yet hindered by the lack of innovative catalyst systems, facing the challenge of activity-stability trade-off. Herein, we represent the first report on a new ZnCoAlFeGaO x high-entropy oxide (HEO) catalyst for CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol production. The successful construction of HEO, featuring the incorporation of multiple oxyphilic metal elements, induces substantial charge redistribution, which reinforces metal-oxygen bonding and confers exceptional structural stability under reaction conditions. Concurrently, the high-entropy spinel triggers pronounced lattice distortion and nanoscale grain refinement, significantly increasing the density of active sites and enhancing the intrinsic catalytic activity. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, HEO catalyst achieves an unprecedented methanol space time yield (STY) of 498 g MeOH ·kg cat −1 ·h − 1 at 73.3% selectivity, together with excellent long-term stability for 120 h, far outperforming its low-entropy and medium-entropy counterparts, as well as most reported oxide-based catalysts. This work establishes a feasible and robust strategy for the development of high-performance and durable CO 2 hydrogenation catalytic systems, and deeply clarifies the origin of the high-entropy effect in governing catalytic activity and stability.

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are a promising technology for the efficient conversion of CO2 into CO. The cathode reactivity for CO2 reduction is a key factor determining the electrochemical performance but has not yet met the requirements for state-of-the-art SOECs. However, there is a lack of fast and facile methods to enhance the cathode surface activity. Here, we propose a one-step rapid potential-driven strategy to develop a highly active FeNi alloy cathode for solid oxide CO2 electrolyzer, demonstrating a superior electrochemical performance of 6.20 A cm- 2 at 2.0 V, which is approximately 2.5-3.0 times higher than doped or gas induced electrode. The potential reduction (PR) exsolution process is completed within 2 h, making it significantly more time-efficient. The PR-induced highly-distributed hyperfine nanoparticles have an average size of 3.2 +/- 0.6 nm, offering more catalytically active centers and effectively modulating the d-band center to enhance CO2 activation. This work paves the way for rapid fabrication of highly active perovskite oxide-supported metal catalysts for catalysis and energy conversion.

Anchored on oxide supports through in situ exsolution, nanoparticles (NPs) with embedded structures exhibit outstanding activity, making them central to heterogeneous catalysis. To meet the growing demand for multifunctional active NPs with precise tunability, we propose a strategy that employs oxygen partial pressure (pO2) as a key control parameter for the accurate customization of exsolved NP composition. Using Sr2Fe1.2Cu0.2Co0.2Mo0.4O6-delta perovskite as a model, we demonstrate that a pO2 gradient drives the sequential exsolution of Cu and Co, allowing precise compositional control from unitary Cu to binary CuCo alloys. This process concurrently triggers a phase reconstruction of the perovskite host into a Ruddlesden-Popper structure, accompanied by a sixfold increase in NP population density from 27.31 to 163.64 & micro;m-2. The targeted formation of CuCo alloys optimizes the electronic states of active sites and strengthens interface stability. When applied as a cathode for high-temperature CO2 reduction, the CuCo@SFO electrode achieves a remarkable current density of 1.81 A & centerdot;cm-2 at 1.5 V and 800 degrees C. Our results provide an atomic-level design principle that enables superior catalytic activity in high-temperature electrolysis cells and establishes a new paradigm for nanointerface engineering in exsolution systems.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) such as the carbazole-based [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) are widely used as hole-selective layers in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, their performance is fundamentally constrained by (i) inadequate coverage of NiOx surfaces caused by molecular self-aggregation and (ii) severe non-radiative recombination at the buried perovskite interface due to insufficient defect passivation. Here, we introduce 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide (4-TB) into Me-4PACz to form a synergistic SAM (Syn-SAM) that simultaneously addresses both issues. The strong intermolecular pi-pi stacking between 4-TB and Me-4PACz suppresses aggregation, enhances surface uniformity, and increases the interfacial dipole, thereby improving hole extraction. Meanwhile, the carbonyl functionality of 4-TB effectively passivates undercoordinated Pb2+ defects at the buried interface, reducing interfacial energy losses. Consequently, the champion device delivers an efficiency of 25.27% with an ultralow voltage loss of 0.356 V and retains 80% of its initial efficiency after over 1300 h of continuous 1-sun operation. A 1.82 eV wide-bandgap PSC also achieves an efficiency of 19.44% with a high VOC of 1.33 V, demonstrating the broad applicability of this synergistic molecular-engineering strategy.

Rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are regarded as potentially significant contenders for utilization in next-generation energy storage and conversion devices. This study comprehensively investigated the performance of PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O6-x-δFx (10xF-PBSCF, x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) variants in alkaline media, and revealed that anionic fluorine element doping, simplified as F-doping, could significantly enhance the bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic activities and ZABs performance. The battery with F-PBSCF cathode achieved the peak output power density of 137 mW cm−2, representing a 43% increase compared to the undoped PBSCF battery. Furthermore, the former battery demonstrated exceptional electrocatalytic stability, exhibiting no substantial performance degradation following 1200 charge-discharge cycles at 10 mA cm−2. Our findings indicate that engineering the electronic states of the perovskite oxides through F-doping is an effective strategy to explore efficient and robust bifunctional electrocatalysts for energy storage and conversion devices.

Layered P2-type transition-metal oxides are promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high specific capacity and rapid Na+ diffusion, but their Na-deficient nature would induce high-voltage phase transitions and limit the quantity of active sodium ions in full cells, impeding the practical implementation of such materials. Herein, we report a P2-Na0.91Ni0.18Cu0.08Mn0.74O2 (H-Ni0.18) cathode with an ultrahigh Na content of 0.91 enabled by a "droplet-like" Na/vacancy ordering. This Na-layer superstructure ordering at such a high Na level, systematically confirmed by synchrotron X-ray techniques, neutron diffraction, and theoretical computations, effectively minimizes the electrostatic repulsion among Na ions and lowers the total system energy, thereby stabilizing the P2 framework during synthesis. Benefiting from this high-Na configuration, the H-Ni0.18 cathode demonstrates pure solid-solution reaction behavior within 2.0-4.3 V and excellent cycling performance in half-cells. More impressively, the H-Ni0.18 cathode can also act as an intrinsic self-sacrificial Na reservoir, enabling the assembled H-Ni0.18//hard carbon full cell to achieve a respectable cycling stability (82.8% capacity retention after 150 cycles), superior to its low-Na analogue. This unique ordering-structure engineering provides a new design paradigm for developing ultrahigh-Na-content P2-type cathode materials for high-performance SIBs.

This paper proposes an adaptive robust integral sliding-mode control (ARISMC) strategy centered on dynamic decoupling to address control-performance degradation in electromagnetic actuators for reciprocating compressors caused by coil aging and spring fatigue. First, a nonlinear electromechanically coupled model incorporating electromagnetic, mechanical, and circuit dynamics is developed and validated using test-rig data; the correlation coefficients between the experimental and simulated displacement responses are all above 0.95. A controller is then constructed by integrating backstepping-based dynamic decoupling, nonsingular terminal integral sliding mode, dynamic-surface filtering, and adaptive disturbance compensation. Conditions are established under voltage, current, sampling, and boundary-layer constraints to ensure bounded closed-loop signals and finite-time entry of the displacement- and current-loop sliding variables into a compact neighborhood. Under the 50% constant-load condition, ARISMC achieves an MAE of 0.0013–0.0021 mm under the tested degradation conditions, with a detected timing offset below 0.1 ms; under constant loads of 30%, 70%, and 90%, its maximum RMSE is 0.004600 mm. Under random variable-load operation and eight degradation conditions, its MAE remains within 0.001–0.002 mm, the detected timing offset is below 0.1 ms, and no sustained loss of tracking occurs. Ablation and post-tuning sensitivity results show that dynamic decoupling/compensation is the principal source of performance improvement, the integral sliding mode further reduces residual error, and adaptive compensation provides a modest, condition-dependent gain. The results demonstrate high tracking accuracy and parameter robustness within the degradation and load-switching simulation scenarios considered and provide a basis for subsequent closed-loop hardware validation.

Under combustion impact loads, the small-end bearing in diesel engines operates under severe conditions, making it prone to wear. Most existing studies focus on the dynamics of a single friction pair, neglecting the interactions among multiple friction pairs. A novel rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model of the crank-connecting rod-piston mechanism (CRPM) with multi-clearance lubrication is developed, including the small-end bearing, piston-pin bearings and big-end bearing. Critical components are modeled as modal flexible bodies. The lubrication behavior of bearings is calculated using a transient mixed elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication model. The accuracy of the simulation model is validated through a small-end bearing wear experiment. Furthermore, the wear mechanisms of the small-end bearing are then analyzed under different wear profiles and depths. Experiments and simulations demonstrate that small-end bearing wear induces a new impact in the exhaust stroke. The lubrication performance of the small-end bearing exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the wear profile and depth, deteriorating sharply when the ratio of wear depth to wear profile is large. These findings offer a new theoretical basis for diagnosing small-end bearing wear in diesel engines.

Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) structured oxides have been widely used as electrode materials for reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) due to their high catalytic activity and abundant oxygen vacancy concentration. In this work, Ni doped R-P structure PrSrMnO4+delta (PrSrNi0.2Mn0.8O4+delta, RP-PSNM), which can be in-situ transformed to Ni and PrOx nanoparticles (NPs) decorated RP-PSNM (Ni-PrOx@RP-PSNM) when exposure to reducing atmosphere, has been explored as a symmetrical electrode for symmetrical RSOCs. The symmetrical single cell with RP-PSNM oxygen electrode and Ni-PrOx@RP-PSNM fuel electrode, which are exposed to ambient air and 3% H2O humidified H2, respectively, exhibits good electrochemical performance and considerable durability. A peak output power density of 0.215 W cm-2 is obtained in solid oxide fuel cell mode at 800 degrees C, while the electrolysis current density as high as 0.399 A cm-2 is achieved in solid oxide electrolysis cell mode at 800 degrees C, 1.3 V. Electrochemical impedance spectra and their corresponding distribution relaxation of times analysis data demonstrate that the good electrochemical performance is attributed to the intrinsic active properties of the RP structure oxide RP-PSNM in the oxygen electrode side and the in-situ exsolved Ni and PrOx NPs in the fuel electrode side. Our findings obtained in this work can guide the developments of alternative electrode materials for other energy storage and conversion devices.

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have emerged as a promising electrochemical technology for clean and efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added carbon monoxide (CO) through the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In addition, the unique structural merits of nanofibers in rational electrode architectures enable efficient utilization and performance maximization of functional materials, thereby achieving highly efficient and sustainable CO2RR in SOECs. In this work, Sr1.95Fe1.4Mo0.5Cu0.1O6-delta nanofiber (SFMCu-NF) is synthesized by the novel electrospinning technique, which is subsequently transformed to Cu-Fe nanoparticles anchored nanofiber (Cu-Fe@SFMCu-NF) by treating in 3 % H2O humidified H2 at 800 degrees C for 2 h. The CO2 electrolyzer with Cu-Fe@SFMCu-NF cathode delivers a good current density of 1.62 A cm-2 at 2.0 V and 800 degrees C when operated at a pure CO2 atmosphere. Additionally, After 100-h operation, the current density slightly decreased to 0.754 A cm- 2, corresponding to an overall degradation rate of about 0.007 % h-1. These results demonstrate that the Cu-Fe@SFMCu-NF cathode exhibits enhanced CO2RR kinetics and improved resistance to carbon coking, capable of providing efficient and robust CO2RR application.

This work presents a systematic investigation of Pr-doped La0.5-xPrxBa0.5CoO3-s (x = 0.05, 0.15, 0.25) cathodes, aiming to establish a structure-defect-electrochemistry correlation for developing high-performance solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes. Moderate Pr incorporation (x = 0.15) stabilizes the cubic perovskite structure and optimizes the balance between oxygen-vacancy concentration, Co-O hybridization and lattice distortion. As a result, La0.35Pr0.15Ba0.5CoO3-s (La35Pr15) exhibits enhanced electrical conductivity of 320 S cm-1 at 800 degrees C and a low polarization resistance of 0.05 Omega cm2 at 700 degrees C. The corresponding single cell delivers an excellent peak power density of 1.012 W cm-2 at 800 degrees C together with outstanding durability. Distribution of relaxation times analysis further reveals that Pr doping significantly accelerates both the intermediate-frequency oxygen surfaceexchange process and the high-frequency charge-transfer kinetics, with La35Pr15 showing the strongest pO2 responsiveness. This study demonstrates that rational Pr doping provides an effective strategy to simultaneously enhance structural stability and reaction kinetics, offering valuable insights for the design of next-generation SOFC cathodes.

The carbon electrode material HACRC was prepared through low-temperature sequential activation via KOH-KCl eutectic molten salt and concentrated HNO3 using coal gasification fine slags (CGFS) as the carbon source. The material exhibited a specific surface area of 1008.49 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.863 cm3/g, and was applied in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Attributed to the rich pore structure and abundant surface oxygen-containing functional groups of HACRC, excellent electrochemical performance was achieved in a three-electrode system using various electrolytes (6 M KOH, 1 M H2SO4, 1 M Na2SO4, and 1 M TEABF4/PC) delivering a maximum specific capacitance of 550 F/g in 1M H2SO4. After 10,000 charge–discharge cycles, the assembled HACRC//HACRC supercapacitor retained 99.2% of its initial capacitance and delivered an energy density of 53.7 Wh/kg at a power density of 250 W/kg. The assembled HACRC//Li button-type lithium-ion half-cell displayed a high specific capacity of 713 mAh/g. Furthermore, when two lithium-ion batteries were connected in series, they could power an LED light (0.06 W) over 10 h. The above results highlight the promising application potential of CGFSs in energy storage.

Reversible solid oxide cell (RSOC) is an efficient energy storage and conversion device for the CO–CO2 mutual conversion. Herein, we report F doped A-site Sr-deficient double perovskite oxide Sr1.95Fe1.3Mo0.5Ni0.2O5.8-δF0.2 as a symmetrical electrode for RSOC application, which could generate FeNi3 alloy nanocatalysts on the electrode surface under reducing atmospheres. F− doping and A-site Sr-deficiency remarkably elevate the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode for the CO–CO2 mutual conversion by increasing the oxygen vacancy concentration. Meanwhile, the symmetrical single cell delivers a peak power density of 0.39 W cm−2 in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) mode and an electrolysis current density of −0.14 A cm−2 at 1.3 V in solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) mode at 800 °C in a CO-CO2 (2:1) atmosphere. In short-term stability and SOFC-SOEC cycling tests, the cell also exhibits favorable durability and carbon deposition resistance. This work provides an effective design strategy for efficient and durable CO–CO2 mutual conversion.

In view of problems such as complex preparation processes and poor stability faced by the existing solar interfacial evaporators, in this work, we have successfully prepared a loofah-derived biological activated carbon evaporator (LBAC) through a simple combined high-temperature carbonization and KOH activation process. The modified LBAC has a hierarchically oriented porous structure and an ultra-high light absorption rate of 96.9%. At a solar intensity of 1 kW m-2, the LBAC can yield an interfacial evaporation rate of 2.04 kg m-2 h-1, which is 3.09 times that of the natural evaporation rate of pure water, and the photothermal conversion efficiency reaches 94.5%. Thanks to the micron- and nano-scale small pores generated by KOH activation on the inner wall of the microchannels, the interfacial evaporation rate of the LBAC almost maintains a stable value during continuous operation in 10.5 wt% high-concentration brine for 12 hours, and only a significantly low average degradation rate of 0.10% per hour is observed. The LBAC also has an excellent purification effect on industrial wastewater such as desulfurization wastewater and phosphorus chemical wastewater. This work combines the high value-added conversion of biomass materials with the efficient water treatment mode driven by low-grade solar energy and has broad application prospects in fields such as seawater desalination and zero discharge of industrial wastewater.

The parasitic reactions and rampant dendrite growth on the Zn anode side pose significant obstacles to the future applications of aqueous zinc ion batteries. Herein, a lightweight anode host is reported by introducing nanosized metallic Zn into the poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (P‐S) aerogel (Zn/P‐S). The ‒SO 3 H groups interact with Zn 2+ and guild their migrations along PSS chains, while the nanosized Zn offer additional nucleation sites and homogenize the electrical and Zn 2+ ion concentration. Owing to these synergistic effects, uniform and dense Zn deposition with the (002) plane aligned parallel to the P‐S substrate is achieved, even at a high plating capacity of 20 mAh cm −2 . Moreover, the deposited Zn over the Zn/P‐S host (Zn@Zn/P‐S) exhibits a highly reversible plating/stripping behavior with Coulombic efficiency maintained at 99% over 700 cycles. Consequently, the Zn@Zn/P‐S‐based symmetric Zn||Zn cell can work stably over 500 h at 0.5 mAh cm ‒2 and 100 h at 4 mAh cm ‒2 with a depth of discharge of 40%. A Zn@Zn/P‐S||NaV 3 O 8 full battery presents a high rate capability along with 82.2% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2 A g ‒1 . This strategy provides a novel approach for designing polymer‐based Zn anodes with corrosion‐resistant and dendrite‐free striping/plating behaviors.

With the application of stepless capacity control systems, an increasing number of reciprocating compressor suction valves have shifted from automatic to controlled operation. Inconsistencies in the modification of suction valves, along with various fault states during operation, have reduced the adaptability of traditional integrated valve operation models, making it difficult to meet the analysis requirements for the transient thermodynamic processes of compressors. This study introduces a new independent operation model for the suction valves of a reciprocating compressor. The flow channel structure, flow performance parameters of different suction valves, and the structure and motion parameters of the unloaders were designed as independent variables to perform numerical simulations of compressor operation under complex working conditions. To address the nonlinear relationship between the mechanical structure of the suction valve and the forward and reverse flow performance of the capacity control, a three-dimensional simulation model was constructed to calculate the flow coefficient. Using experimental data, the accuracy of the theoretical model was validated, and the flow coefficients under various states were integrated into the new independent operation model for the suction valves. A detailed thermodynamic performance analysis of the compressor was conducted under abnormal conditions, such as inconsistent suction valve lift, unloader fork wear, and unloader retraction delay. Variations in thermodynamic parameters, including dynamic pressure, exhaust volume, and indicated work, were analysed, providing technical guidance for suction valve design, fault monitoring, and the optimisation control of reciprocating compressors.

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is widely implemented as a pivotal component in fuel cell technology. However, cost-effectiveness and complex preparation protocols of commercial PEMs remain major challenges for PEM applications. In this paper, a variety of sulfonated polyimide (SPI) composite films filled with ionic liquids @ molybdenum sulfide (ILs@MoS2) are prepared, which simultaneously yield superior proton conductivity and reduced pollution with feasibility. It is found that with increasing the ILs@MoS2 ratio, composite films with an ILs@MoS2 content of 1.5 wt% exhibit a significant improvement of 68 % in proton conductivity, increasing from 0.0778 to 0.1308 S/cm at 80 degrees C under 100 % relative humidity (RH). This result is believed to be partly attributed to the presence of the dense network of active sites and hydrogen bonds promoted by ILs@MoS2. Overall, SPI composite films modified by ILs@MoS2 demonstrate potential as alternatives for applications in PEM technologies.

Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (MS-SOFCs) have shown significant application potential due to their excellent mechanical strength and relatively low material cost. However, their commercialization has been hindered by the complexity of the integration process between the metal substrate and the single cell. In this work, we innovatively employed the phase inversion cotape casting (PITC) technique to fabricate the hierarchically oriented anode in one step, which consists of the nickel (Ni) metal substrate and the Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) anode functional layer. It is indicated that the hierarchically oriented porous anode could provide ideal channels for fast gas transport in the anode, thereby holding great promise to eliminate the gas concentration resistance. Electrochemical performance tests demonstrated that, under the 3% H2O humidified hydrogen atmosphere, its peak power densities can reach 0.14 and 0.28 W cm-2 at 750 and 800 degrees C, respectively, demonstrating considerable electrochemical performance. Notably, during the 20 h stability test at 750 degrees C and constant voltage of 0.7 V, the cell also exhibited good durability. These results suggest that this unique anode structure holds great promise in the application field of MS-SOFC, and our findings obtained in this work can also guide the development of MS-SOFCs, as well as other energy storage and conversion devices.

Iron‐manganese based layered transition metal (TM) oxides are promising cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries owing to their high specific capacity and cost effectiveness, but they are confronted by severe Mn 3+ Jahn‐Teller distortion, lattice oxygen loss, and irreversible Fe migration. Herein, in situ bulk oxygen vacancy manufacturing and surface spinel (MnFe 2 O 4 ) layer coating for the P2‐Na 0.67 Fe 0.3 Mn 0.7 O 2 (NFM(OV)+MnFe 2 O 4 ) cathode are realized via an argon‐atmosphere calcination method. The bulk oxygen vacancies improve the Mn redox capacity by reducing Mn valence, and favor the reversible Fe interlayer migration to enhance oxygen redox activity through the Na─O─(TM vacancy) configurations. The migrated Fe ions to Na sites can serve as “temporary pillars” to suppress the TMO 2 layers gliding in the deep charged state and return to their original positions upon discharge. The spinel coating layer can mitigate the lattice oxygen escape, prevent the interfacial side reactions, and alleviate the Mn 3+ Jahn‐Teller distortion. Therefore, the tailored NFM(OV)+MnFe 2 O 4 cathode affords high discharge capacities (185.7 and 84 mAh g −1 at 0.1 and 5 C, respectively) and desirable cycling stability (82.6% capacity retention after 300 cycles). This study paves the way for fabricating high‐performance Fe─Mn based layered oxide cathodes by simultaneously tuning the bulk and surface structures.

This research proposes a novel adaptive virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy for a photovoltaic-energy storage (PV-storage) hybrid system. In comparison to the traditional VSG control approach, the adaptive control strategy presented in this research markedly diminishes the fluctuations in output power. This improvement is accomplished through the dynamic adjustment of virtual inertia (J) and damping coefficient (D), which enables real-time responsiveness to variations in light intensity, converter power, and load power factors that traditional VSG controls are unable to address promptly. Initially, a small signal model of VSG’s active power closed-loop system is established and analyzed for a grid-connected converter in a PV-storage hybrid system. The influence of these parameters on the response speed and stability of the PV-storage system is discussed by analyzing the step response and root locus corresponding to varying J and D conditions. Then, this study employs the power angle and frequency oscillation characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs) to formulate criteria for selecting the J and D. Based on the established criteria, a parameter-adaptive VSG control strategy is proposed. Ultimately, the efficacy of the proposed strategy is validated in MATLAB/Simulink under three distinct conditions: abrupt changes in light intensity, converter power, and load power. The results indicate that the strategy is capable of diminishing power oscillation amplitude, effectively mitigating instantaneous impulse current, and notably alleviating frequency overshoot.