Objective: Stigmatizing beliefs about mental illnesses negatively affect the course of illnesses in many ways. Modified Labeling Theory attempts to explain the factors that mediate the relationship between stigma and psychiatric symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the direct relationship between stigma and psychiatric symptom levels. Methods: Individuals aged 18-65 years, without a past psychiatric illness or treatment history, were included in the study. “Sociodemographic Information Form”, “Beliefs Toward Mentall Ilness Scale” and “SCL90 Symptom Checklist” were administered to the participants. Results: 203(F: 140, M: 63) participants were evaluated. It was found that psychiatric symptom levels and stigma levels showed a positive correlation. It was determined that the "SCL-90 psychoticism subscale” value could predict stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors.Conclusion: The data we obtained are consistent with the literature reporting a positive correlation between stigma and disease severity. In our study, it was found that this relationship was also valid in newly diagnosed individuals and at the symptom level. It is important to address stigmatizing thoughts, which are one of the biggest obstacles in the treatment process of mental illnesses, from the first examination.

Amaç: Bipolar bozuklukta mevsimsel örüntülerin anlaşılması, atakların daha erken öngörülmesine ve zamanında müdahale edilmesine yardımcı olabilir. Tedavinin ve izlemin bu örüntülere göre uyarlanması, klinik stabilitenin artırılmasına ve nüks riskinin azaltılmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmada, bipolar bozukluk (BB) ataklarına bağlı hastane yatışlarının mevsimsel dağılımının retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi ve bu başvurular ile aylık meteorolojik değişkenler arasındaki olası ilişkilerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışma, hastanemizde Aralık 2024 ile Mayıs 2025 tarihleri arasında yürütülmüştür. Psikiyatri kliniğine BB atağı nedeniyle yatırılmış olan 2018, 2019, 2023 ve 2024 yıllarına ait hastalar incelenmiştir. Aylık yatış oranları ile il düzeyindeki meteorolojik parametreler (sıcaklık, rüzgâr hızı, güneşlenme süresi ve yağışlı, sisli, karlı, bulutlu, kapalı ve açık gün sayıları) arasındaki ilişkiler değerlendirildi.Bulgular: İncelenen tüm yıllarda yatış sayıları tutarlı bir dağılım göstermiştir. BB’ye bağlı başvurular Nisan ile Kasım ayları arasında belirgin şekilde artmıştır (p = .005). Yatış oranlarının yüksek olduğu aylarda ortalama sıcaklık (p = .004), rüzgâr hızı (p = .034) ve güneşlenme süresi (p = .013) anlamlı olarak daha yüksek; sisli (p = .033) ve karlı gün sayıları (p = .012) ise daha düşük bulunmuştur. Ortalama sıcaklık, yatış sıklığının anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olarak belirlenmiş olup (p = .004), 8.85 °C’lik kesim değeri yüksek duyarlılık ve özgüllük göstermiştir (p = .011).Sonuç: İklim değişkenleri bipolar atak sıklığını etkileyebilir. Bu bulguların desteklenmesi için uzun dönemli ve geniş ölçekli prospektif çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Background/Aim: COVID-19 adversely affects mental health. We aimed to investigate COVID-19-related perceptions and attitudes in medical school students and to assess possible relationships with students’ psychological resilience levels and personality traits. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out with 186 students in medical school at Hitit University Faculty of Medicine from March 18, 2021 to May 27, 2021. The sociodemographic form, perceptions and attitudes related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Eysenck Personality Inventory (short form), and the Brief Psychological Resilience Scale were delivered to the students via mobile phone or e-mail and data were collected online. Results: In the COVID-19 perception scale, the assessment of dangerousness was found to be significantly higher among those living with at-risk individuals (P=0.026). In the perception of control subscale, personal control was found to be significantly higher in students who did not live with at-risk individuals (P=0.018). In the COVID-19 avoidance attitudes scale, behavioral avoidance was significantly more pronounced in students living with at-risk individuals (P=0.016). In our study, anxiety and depression were predominant in the brief symptom inventory. In the short form of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, it was observed that higher scores were obtained mostly in the neuroticism and extraversion dimensions. Conclusion: The findings of this study examining medical students show links between demographic factors, personality traits, and responses in the context of COVID-19 coping behaviors.

AIM:In patients with alcohol or heroin use disorder, we aimed to examine the effects of alcohol or heroin use and treatment on the serum levels of microtubule stabilization proteins. METHOD:A total of 64 patients with 32 alcohol and 32 heroin use disorder, and age-gender matched healthy volunteers were included in this study. Fasting blood samples were taken from patients before and after three weeks of treatment, and from healthy volunteers on the first working day after first interview. RESULTS:Compared to healthy controls, there were statistically significant decreases for serum levels of microtubule associated protein-2, tau protein, phospho tau protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor and progranulin, while there was a statistically significant increase for serum levels of Nogo-A in patients with alcohol use disorder (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). In patients with heroin use disorder compared to healthy controls, there was a statistically significant increase only for serum level of Nogo-A (P < 0.001). Only post-treatment serum progranulin level of patients with alcohol use disorder was statistically significantly higher than pre-treatment levels (P = 0.040). CONCLUSION:It was considered that these proteins may be a potential biomarker in terms of reflecting molecular level of damage caused by alcohol or heroin use, as well as distinguishing patients with and without alcohol or heroin use disorder. Further studies with long term treatments may be performed to investigate the optimum therapy period, since three weeks of treatment may not be enough to repair this damage.

Objective: The effects of religiousness, forgiveness, and psychological resilience in patients with fibromyalgia have been investigated with regard to various aspects in the literature. However, there is no study investigating the effects of these concepts collectively in patients with fibromyalgia symptoms.The aim of this study was to investigate whether religious belief, forgiving nature and psychological resilience had any relationship with fibromyalgia symptom burden. Methods: This descriptive study included 49 patients aged between 18–65 years with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) who had applied to the out-patient clinic of the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department of a University Hospital between 15 December 2019 and 15 April 2020. Results: There were a total of 49 female patients in this study. The mean age of the patients participating in the study was 45.04 ± 9.25 years. Religiousness was found to be significantly associated with some subscales of psychological resilience. Additionally, most subscales of psychological resilience were significantly related with the severity of fibromyalgia. The level of religious belief influenced the relationship between psychological resilience and the severity of fibromyalgia. Conclusion: In this study, it has been found that religious belief and forgiveness levels did not have a direct effect on fibromyalgia symptoms. Most of the subscales of psychological resilience were found to be associated with the severity of fibromyalgia symptoms. It is clear that psychological resilience has an effect on the severity of fibromyalgia symptoms, but further research is needed to assess mechanisms.

BACKGROUND:Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious mood disorder, notable for its morbidity and prevalence. It ranks among the top 10 diseases globally in terms of functional impairment among affected individuals. Studies investigating neurobiological processes in the development of BD also aim to identify biological markers. Ubiquitin is a protein that is abundant in all eukaryotic cells and regulates many processes through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It has been reported to be associated with circadian rhythm and sleep disorders. Circadian rhythm plays a key role in maintaining mood stability in individuals with BD. In this study, we investigated the peripheral levels of molecules involved in the ubiquitination process and their relationship to sleep quality in individuals with BD. METHODS:Forty-nine patients with BD and 50 healthy volunteers without any psychiatric disorders were included. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Young Mania Rating Scale, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were administered to the participants. Peripheral blood levels of proteins and enzymes that play a role in ubiquitination processes were determined by the immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS:TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) (p < 0.001), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 enzyme (UCH-L1) (p = 0.037), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L3 enzyme (UCH-L3) (p = 0.007), histone deacetylase I (Histone Dea-1) (p = 0.006), histone deacetylase II (Histone Dea-2) (p = 0.047), and ligase cullin-3 (p = 0.031) levels were found to be significantly lower in the BD group than in the control group, but these parameters were not associated with sleep quality scores in the BD group. CONCLUSIONS:Our results support the data in the literature but show that the ubiquitination process can be affected in BD patients without being associated with sleep quality.

Objectives: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. Impulsive features play a role in the etiology, symptomatology and clinical presentation of OCD. α-synuclein which plays a role in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission has been shown to be effective in impulse control. The aim of this study is to examine the levels of α-synuclein, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), dopamine, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in OCD. Methods: Twenty-six OCD patients and age-gender matched 23 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Biochemical parameters were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Patients were evaluated with Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS) and Dimensional Obsession Compulsion Scale (DOCS). Results: Compared with the controls, significant reduction of 5-HT, dopamine and DBH levels while significant increase of α-synuclein, HVA and HSP70 levels was found in patients with OCD. Moreover, α-synuclein levels were significantly negatively correlated with 5-HT, dopamine and DBH, while significantly positively correlated with HVA, 5-HIAA and HSP70. HTR and dopamine levels were found to be associated with the subscale of BIS. Dopamine and DBH levels were found to be associated with the subscale of DOCS. Conclusions: It may be suggested that α-synuclein is associated with dopaminergic and serotinergic pathways, and may provide important contributions for elucidating the etiology of OCD. It can be suggested that the effect of dopamine is more than 5-HT, based on the fact that not only dopamine but also DBH is correlated with OCD symptoms.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effect of perceived parental attitudes on the symptoms of these diseases in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) and to compare the perceived parental attitudes between these two disorders. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2020 and August 2021 at a university hospital in Turkey. Fifty-two patients with BD and 50 patients with schizophrenia in remission, aged 16-50 years, who met the respective diagnostic criteria defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-5 were included in the study. Results: The mean age of patients with BD was 38.90 ±1 0.95 years, while it was 39.08 ± 11.51 years for those with schizophrenia. Females comprised 65.38% (n = 34) of the BD group and 78.00% (n = 39) of the schizophrenia group. Our results showed that the severity of various negative schizophrenia symptoms increased with higher levels of perceived parental libertarian attitude. In addition, the severity of delusion, which is one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, was found to increase with lower perceived parental interest. We did not find a significant relationship between the severity of mania and depression symptoms and perceived parental attitudes. Conclusions: In addition to supporting previously reported relationships of various factors and schizophrenia and BD, our results suggest that the increase in the level of liberality of parents has a negative impact on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, the decrease in the level of interest of parents towards their children exacerbates delusion symptoms.

BACKGROUND:The relationship between proline, its association with oxidative stress, and its connection to schizophrenia is a subject that has not been sufficiently investigated. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible effects of atypical and combined (typical and atypical) antipsychotic use on serum prolidase enzyme activity (SPEA) and serum oxidative stress parameters, and to assess the relationship between SPEA and oxidative stress in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS:A total of 57 patients with schizophrenia, of which 34 were using atypical (AAPG) and 23 were using combined (typical and atypical) (CAPG) antipsychotic therapy, and 28 healthy volunteers (control group) were included in this case-control study. RESULTS:SPEA levels of AAPG and CAPG were significantly lower than that of control group ( P  = 0.003). The oxidative stress index (OSI) value of AAPG was significantly higher than the other two groups ( P  = 0.001). SPEA (<1860 U/l) and OSI (≥0.54) could discriminate schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic therapy from control groups ( P  = 0.001 and P  = 0.007, respectively). Lower SPEA levels were associated with antipsychotic use ( P  = 0.007). CONCLUSION:The SPEA values of patients with schizophrenia on antipsychotics were significantly lower compared to controls. OSI values were significantly higher in atypical antipsychotic recipients compared to those on combined antipsychotics and healthy controls.

Background. Oligomerization of a-synuclein is induced by serotonin aldehyde, and impulsive behaviour and substance use disorders may be associated with a-synuclein, dopamine and serotonin. Aim: We aimed to compare blood levels of a-synuclein, dopamine and serotonin in patients with heroin use disorder (HUD) and healthy individuals and to assess the possible effects of HUD treatment on the blood levels of these impulsivity-associated markers. Methods: 17 patients with HUD and 23 healthy volunteers were included in this study. All participants' baseline a-synuclein, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D.H), 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) blood levels were measured. In patients with HUD, levels of these markers were measured after three weeks of buprenorphine treatment. Results: While the pre-and post-treatment HVA levels of the patient group were significantly higher (p=0.036), the pre-and post-treatment D.H (p<0.001), 5-HT (p<0.001) and dopamine (p<0.001) levels were significantly lower compared to controls. The patient group's post-treatment a-synuclein (p=0.044) levels were significantly higher than controls. With a cut-off value of <2000 ng/mL, DBH levels had a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 100.0% to detect patients with HUD. With a <251 pg/mL cut-off value, dopamine had 94.1% sensitivity and 82.6% specificity in distinguishing patients with HUD from controls. Conclusions: Dopamine and D.H may be helpful markers in diagnosing HUD. Understanding the influence of heroin use on these markers and pathways may enable their utilisation in assessing impulsive behaviour towards heroin.

Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of peripheric biomarkers that have been associated with blood brain barrier (BBB) damage in healthy controls and two groups of patients with schizophrenia, those who received typical-atypical antipsychotics and those who received only atypical antipsychotics. Additionally, we sought relationships between these biomarkers and schizophrenia symptoms.Methods:This study was conducted with the inclusion of 41 healthy volunteers and 75 patients with schizophrenia. The biomarkers measured to evaluate BBB injury were as follows: spectrin breakdown product 145 (SBDP145), spectrin breakdown product 150 (SBDP150), ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), ubiquitin ligase cullin-3 (cullin), occludin and claudin, which were measured via ELISA. Symptoms of patients with schizophrenia were evaluated with the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), and the general assessment of functionality (GAF).Results:Compared to controls, SBDP145 (p = 0.022) and cullin (p = 0.046) levels were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia receiving atypical antipsychotic treatment. SBDP150 levels were lower in the combination treatment group compared to the control group (p = 0.022). Claudin (p = 0.804), occludin (p = 0.058) and UCHL1 (p = 0.715) levels were similar among groups. In recipients of combination treatment, SBDP145 levels were found to be positively correlated with SAPS-total (r = 0.440, p = 0.036) and SAPS-delusions (r = 0.494, p = 0.017) scores.Conclusion:The relationships demonstrated in this study indicate that more comprehensive research is needed to understand whether BBB defects contribute to clinical characteristics in patients with schizophrenia.

AIM:The use of alcohol affects the central nervous system and plays important roles in various neurological disorders through neurotoxicity resulting from blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The BBB is regulated by tight junction proteins interacting closely with endothelial cells. This study evaluated the serum levels of proteins and spectrin degradation products associated with BBB damage in patients with alcohol use disorder.METHODS:This preliminary case-control study was conducted with 30 healthy volunteers and 26 alcohol use disorder patients. The serum levels of spectrin breakdown product 145 (SBDP145), spectrin breakdown product 150 (SBDP150), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), ubiquitin ligase cullin-3 (ULC), occludin and claudin were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:There was no significant difference between the levels of SBDP145, SBDP150, UCHL1, ULC, occludin and claudin before and after treatment in patients with alcohol use disorder. SBDP150 levels were significantly lower in patients than controls (P < 0.001). The area under the curve was 0.841 (0.733-0.949) with the 95% confidence interval for SPDP150.CONCLUSION:A decrease of the serum SBDP150 levels appears to be associated with alcohol use disorder. Future studies might clarify whether diminished serum SBDP150 levels are associated with BBB damage in patients with alcohol use disorder.

Background: Although telepsychiatry has a long history, medical literature lacks a scientometric study evaluating telepsychiatry publications. The purpose of this study was to perform a holistic analysis of telepsychiatry articles published between 1986 and 2019. Methods: We used the "telepsychiatry" keyword for our search and included all documents indexed in Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, USA) Core Collection between 1986 and 2019, revealing a total of 1,020 articles, of which only 224 were open access. Results: The peak year for publication was 2015, with 96 articles. The United States ranked first with 601 documents followed by Australia and Canada. The University of California and University of Washington were the most productive institutions and, again, 8 of the 10 leading institutions were from the United States. The peak year for citations was 2019, with a total of 2,080 records. Discussion: We believe that systematic approaches are needed to reveal the positive and negative features of telepsychiatry practice, especially from countries where this method is widely utilized, to elucidate the need for telepsychiatry in other countries/regions and to determine how its use can be increased in regions with limited access to health care workers. Conclusion: Although scientific interest in telepsychiatry appears to have increased almost every year since 1986, it has been observed that this interest is still concentrated in certain countries, such as the United States, Australia, and Canada, indicating that telepsychiatry may not have gained use in other countries.

Amaç: Kronik ruhsal rahatsızlığa sahip bireylere sağlanan hizmetler hastaların katılımı düşük olduğunda tedavinin istenilen düzeyde etki etmemesiyle sonuçlanabildiğinden önem verilmesi gereken bir durumdur. Bu araştırmanın amacı, hastaların toplum ruh sağlığı hizmetlerine katılımı ölçmek için Vaka Yöneticileri için Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetlerine Uyum Ölçeği'nin (VİTU) geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğini değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Araştırma, Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Merkezi'nde en az bir yıl süreyle izlenen şizofreni tanısı almış 119 hasta örneklemiyle tamamlanmıştır. Bulgular: Toplanan verilere doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Güvenirlik ölçümleri iç tutarlılık ve test-tekrar test ölçümleri ile yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin DFA sonuçlarına göre RMSEA;0.081, GFI; 0.872, AGFI;0.809, RMR;0.035, NFI;0.926, CFI;0.966 değerlerine sahip olduğu, Ölçeğin toplam Cronbach's Alpha değeri 0.957, genel test – tekrar test korelasyon değeri(r) 0.684’dir. Sonuç: Bulgular, Vaka Yöneticileri için Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetlerine Uyum Ölçeği’nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Giriş: Çocukların dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ya da otizm spektrum bozukluğu hastalıkları olduğunda annelerinin yaşam kalitelerinin azaldığı, bakım veren yüklerinin arttığı bildirilmiştir. Biz koronavirüs pandemisi boyunca otizm spektrum bozukluğu ve dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu tanılı çocuklar ile ruhsal açıdan sağlıklı çocukların annelerindeki psikososyal etkilenme, yaşam kalitesi ve bakım veren yükü değişikliklerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntem: Dahil edilme kriterlerine uygun annelere, araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanmış olan veri ve anket formları https://docs.google.com/forms linki ile gönderildi. Bulgular: Çalışmamıza 139 anne dahil edildi. Bunlardan 59’u sağlıklı, 32 si dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu tanılı ve 48’i otizm spektrum bozukluğu tanılı çocuğa sahipti. Üç grupta da pandemi sürecinde yaklaşık her üç anneden biri çocuklarının bakımları ile ilişkili kendisini daha fazla yük altında ve her beş anneden biri çocukları ile birlikte iken kendisini daha fazla kısıtlanmış hissettiğini bildirmiştir. Tüm grupların yaşam kalitelerinin önemli oranlarda (%44,1, %46,9 ve %37,5) azaldığı bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Biz pandemi döneminde otizm spektrum bozukluğu ve dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu tanılı çocukların annelerinin sağlıklı çocuk annelerinden daha fazla etkilenmemiş olmalarını, pandemi öncesi maruz kaldıkları stresin oluşturmuş olabileceği sistemik duyarsızlaştırmaya bağlı olabileceğini düşündük. Bulgularımız yaşamları daima pandemidekine benzer kısıtlılıklar ve izolasyon ile geçen, psikiyatrik hastalığı olan çocuk annelerinin yaşadıkları zorluklara dikkat çekerek, çocukların tedavileri aşamasında annelere de destek verilmesinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare psychological resilience between acne patients and healthy subjects and to see the association between anxiety, depression and resilience. Methods: The study was carried out with two groups. A sample of 241 participants, the first group consisting of 146 subjects with acne vulgaris and a control group of 95 healthy individuals, was recruited. Sociodemographic form, the Resilience Scale for Adults, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory were administered to each volunteer. Results: When we compared acne individuals and the healthy control group, we observed a significant statistical difference between the two groups on the ‘perception of self’ and ‘perception of future’ subscale scores of the Resilience Scale for Adults. (p0.05). No difference in depression scores and anxiety scores was observed between the acne and control groups (p>0.05). Statistically significant negative correlations between overall subscores on the Resilience Scale for Adults and scores on Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory were observed. Conclusion: Our results highlight the relationship between the resilience scores and the scores of depression and anxiety in the acne group. The acne group was significantly worse on ‘perception of self’ and ‘perception of future’ subscale scores. This study provides further evidence that it may be efficient for clinicians to give a further boost to resilience factors in relation to depressive and anxiety symptoms among acne patients. The results support the importance of patients’ resilience in a successful management of mental burdens of acne.

PURPOSE:The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent childhood trauma affects suicide probability and self-esteem of university students.DESIGN AND METHODS:In this descriptive study, 3602 university students continuing their education in the 2019-2020 academic year were selected into the sample. The data in the study were collected using a personal information form, "Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)", "Suicide Probability Scale (SPS)" and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The data were evaluated using appropriate statistical methods, and p < 0.05 value was considered statistically significant.FINDINGS:In the study, students' mean scale scores of CTQ and SPS were found high (38.1 ± 13.7; 87.7 ± 10.7, respectively), and the RSES total mean scale score was found average (1.7 ± 1.4). CTQ total mean score was found to show a positive correlation between SPS and RSES total mean scores. It has been established that the past traumatic experiences of university students decrease self-esteem and are associated with suicide probability.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:Risk management programs for university students should be organized by determining the risk groups exposed to Childhood Trauma by psychiatric and child nurses.

Y Objective: It was aimed to investigate the changes in sleep quality of patients who have the diagnosis Bipolar Disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic process and its relation with the time spent at home, and to determine the effects of the process on patients by investigating the changes in patients' weight, the amount of smoking and alcohol use. Method: The files of patients who have been regularly followed up for at least 1 year with the diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder at the Community Mental Health Center were examined. Patients who met working criteria and patients whose data for the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, which were applied within 3 months before the start of social isolation measures and at least 2 months after this date was complete in their file, were included in the study. Results: 42 patients aged between 21 and 60 were included in the study. It was found that subscales of PUKI except the "sleep time" and "habitual sleep efficacy" and the general sleep quality were significantly impaired during the pandemic process, but this impairement was not related to the number of days spent at home. It was determined that 52.4% of our patients put on weight, 7.1% of smokers increased smoking, and there was no significant change in depression and mania scale scores. Discussion: Although they were in remission period, the sleep quality of the patients was negatively affected. These findings indicates the importance of Community Mental Health Center services.

Objective: Dissociation is frequently associated with psychiatric illness, with a prevalence of up to25% among patients with a psychiatric disorder and a prevalence of up to 60% in cases of schizophrenia. There is a growing awareness of the relationship between psychotic symptoms and dissociation. Studies have found associations between severity of psychotic symptoms and dissociation. Dissociation is often related to psychological stress. These findings call into question the hypothesized direct effects of psychotic symptoms on dissociation. We hypothesized that psychotic symptoms (e.g., hallucination) would cause psychological stress on patients with schizophrenia. We also hypothesized that if patients with schizophrenia show good insight, the psychological stress on schizophrenic patients caused by the psychotic symptoms would be reduced. Reduced psychological stress also decreases the level of dissociation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychotic symptoms, dissociation and insight in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Forty-six patients with a schizophrenia diagnosis according to DSM-IV TR criteria were recruited into the study. Each subject completed a semi-structured face-to-face interview that included the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Clinical Global İmpressions Severity Scale (CGI-S), and Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS). Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder were excluded. Results: Dissociation was associated with more severe symptoms of schizophrenia. Significant correlation was found between SDQ scores and CGI-S scores (r= 0.37, p0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between BABS and SANS scores (r=0.56, p0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, those with more severe schizophrenic symptoms were also characterized by high dissociation. We also indicated that dissociation is associated with positive schizophrenic features. These findings are similar to previously published studies. The previous studies used the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) which is an instrument unsuitable for dissociative disorders in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the previous studies have not examined the somatoform manifestation of dissociative processes. In the present study we use the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ) which includes appropriate measures to cover also somatoform type of dissociative symptoms. Results of the present study are in agreement with previous studies which used DES as an instrument for measuring dissociative symptoms.

Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate whether insight and mentalizing abilities are related to the severity of OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) in treatment resistant OCD. We also intend to examine the association between treatment resistance, insight, and mentalizing ability (theory of mind). Methods: Participants included 71 individuals diagnosed with OCD; 30 (42.3%) of them met the criteria for treatment resistant OCD (resistant group), whereas the other 41 (57.7%) were labeled as responder group. The intensity of obsessions and compulsions was evaluated using the Yale-Brown obsessive–compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). All patients were assessed with “Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test”, Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS), Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), Mood Disorder Questionnaire, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results: Responder and resistant groups were similar in terms of age, gender, and education. The resistant group received higher mean scores of depression and anxiety than responders. Patients from the resistant group had significantly longer duration of the illness than the responders. The mentalizing score, as assessed by the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test” was significantly higher for responder patients. The Y-BOCS insight score, BCIS self-certainty dimension score, the number of positively answered questions on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, and the score of BABS for the resistant group were statistically significantly higher than in the responder group. Pearson correlation analyses indicated that BCIS self-certainty dimension as well as BABS scores were significantly related to mentalizing total scores. Conclusion: This study investigated the relationships between mentalizing ability and clinical and cognitive insight, and treatment resistance in OCD. The responder group of OCD patients has better mentalizing abilities. Resistant patients have poorer insight. BCIS selfcertainty dimension and BABS scores were negatively correlated with mentalizing total scores. Results suggest that treatments targeting mentalization abilities may improve insight deficits associated with poor outcome in OCD.