Flexible plasmonic films (FPFs) have emerged as a versatile platform for wearable biomedical sensing, owing to their intrinsic interface compliance, plasmon-enhanced signal transduction, continuous charge transfer capability, and facile surface functionalization. Recent advances in this field have shifted from the simple integration of plasmonic nanomaterials onto flexible substrates toward a paradigm of interface-driven nanoassembly, structural regulation, and coupled signal transduction. This review systematically summarizes the development of FPFs from micro/nano construction to wearable bioelectronics. We first discuss the fundamental fabrication strategies, including in situ assembly on flexible substrates, integrated nanoarchitecturing, and interface-mediated assembly and transfer. We then highlight how strain-adaptive microstructure regulation, hierarchical network design, and biomimetic/morphology-adaptive interfaces synergistically enhance mechanical robustness and signal fidelity. Subsequently, representative applications are outlined, covering chemical and biochemical sensing, stimulus-responsive flexible electronics, bioelectrical interfacing electrodes, and multimodal integrated sensing systems. Finally, key challenges related to scalable manufacturing, signal uniformity, long-term interfacial stability, and system-level integration are discussed, along with perspectives on the development of high-performance, intelligent wearable bioelectronic platforms based on FPFs.

We introduce a morphology-adaptive Au-Ag nanowire elastronic platform that conforms to diverse geometries while enabling multimodal optical-electrical sensing. Using a facile yet versatile template-guided growth strategy, vertically aligned Au-Ag nanowire arrays are directly fabricated on 1D nano/microneedles, 2D elastic films, and 3D porous architectures. On 2D substrates, the arrays act as FlexoSERS interfaces with high sensitivity, uniformity (RSD = 7.2%), and durability, maintaining stable SERS signals under 100% strain and after 2500 cycles. On 3D porous sponges, the NWs serve as dry bioelectrical electrodes, enabling stable electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG) monitoring with long-term stability. Continuous ECG recording, combined with deep learning analysis, enables accurate classification between sleep and wake states. Meanwhile, the EMG signals capture subtle motor activities such as finger bending, typing, and clicking. By uniting strain-tolerant FlexoSERS with reliable bioelectrical sensing across 1D-3D substrates, this platform provides a robust material foundation and a scalable route toward next-generation wearable health monitors, intelligent sleep evaluation, and human-machine interfaces.

Implant-associated infections impair osseointegration by suppressing macrophage-mediated antibacterial responses and blocking reparative phenotype transition, while conventional antimicrobial strategies may compromise bone regeneration. Although electrical stimulation holds promise for macrophage modulation, achieving spatiotemporally controlled bioelectrical regulation remains a challenge. Herein, we engineered a ferroelectric barium titanate-nanostructured titanium implant (ferroTi) that enables sequentially controlled electrical manipulation of macrophages for coordinated antibacterial action and osteogenic promotion. Under ultrasound (US) activation, ferroTi generates dynamic electrical signals (ESdynamic) which activate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to potentiate bacterial phagocytosis in macrophages, eradicating the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Concurrently, ferroTi's inherent surface potential provides static electrical signals (ESstatic) that enhance focal adhesion of macrophages and polarize macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype to foster bone mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis. In vivo, ferroTi successively eliminated MRSA infection via US-activated ESdynamic and significantly enhanced bone integration through ESstatic-driven immunomodulation. This ferroelectric biointerface-mediated immunomodulation presents a synchronized noninvasive strategy for treating infected implants.

The convergence of physical fields, functional matter, and medicine underpins the foundation of modern biomedical engineering and next-generation diagnostic-therapeutic technologies. Building upon this paradigm, field-programmable biofunctional films (FPBFs) have emerged as a versatile class of biointerfaces capable of spatiotemporally controlled, programmable responses to diverse physical stimuli, including thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, and acoustic fields. Beyond simple responsiveness, FPBFs embody a multiphysical-coupling framework, where synergistic interactions between materials and physical fields give rise to integrated closed-loop diagnostic-therapeutic functions. This review highlights recent advances in single and multiphysical-field-assisted fabrication strategies of FPBFs, emphasizing the interplay between material composition, structural programmability, and field-induced responsiveness. We further outline key biomedical applications, ranging from biosensing and molecular diagnostics to on-demand drug release and targeted therapy. Particular emphasis is placed on their integration with clinical medical devices, where FPBFs function as dynamic interfaces bridging sensing, actuation, and therapeutic feedback. Finally, this review outlines key challenges in multifunctional integration, biocompatibility, and clinical translation, envisioning FPBFs as a foundation for next-generation adaptive biomedical systems that integrate materials science and engineering medicine through synergistic bio-physical coupling toward programmable, precision healthcare.

Pathogenic bacterial biofilms on biological interfaces and implanted medical devices are highly resistant to conventional antimicrobial therapies, leading to persistent infections and device failure. Magnetically driven micro/nanomotors (MNMs) offer a promising platform for localized drug delivery and in situ biofilm eradication in complex anatomical environments. However, current MNMs face critical challenges, including the serious risks of retention in vivo and insufficient propulsion within viscoelastic biofilms. Here, a laser-guided self-assembly strategy is developed to assemble tubular magnetic micromotors from high-entropy alloy/polyimide (HEA/PI) bilayers for hydrogel-based drug delivery and biofilm eradication inside implantable medical tubes. Programmable direct laser writing converts PI into laser-induced graphene (LIG) while simultaneously inducing controlled self-rolling of the HEA/LIG bilayers into mechanically robust micro-rolls. Under rotating gradient magnetic fields, these micro-rolls display controllable oscillatory-spiral propulsion in confined microchannels, enabling fast transport and site-specific drug release. When filled with an antibiotic-loaded hydrogel, the HEA/LIG micro-rolls achieve synergistic mechanical biofilm disruption and localized antibiotic release within E. coli-infected pancreatic duct stents, resulting in a 97% sterilization efficiency, 44% higher than that achieved by standard chemical sterilization. This work establishes an unprecedented laser manufacturing paradigm for medical micromotors, providing a minimally invasive approach for targeted biofilm removal from hard-to-reach anatomical sites.

An innovative "turn-on" surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensor for ultrasensitive ochratoxin A (OTA) monitoring by a tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) is introduced, which provides high mechanical strength and stability. The TDN framework was engineered with an OTA-specific aptamer conjugated at one edge, while two adjacent vertices were functionalized with Ag@4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) nanoparticles via thiolated linker strands. Upon target recognition, aptamer-OTA binding triggers a programmable conformational switching of the TDN. This switching spatially regulates the electromagnetic field coupling between adjacent Ag@4-ATP hotspots, thereby amplifying the SERS signal in a target-dependent manner. Compared to conventional SERS platforms, this strategy exhibits higher sensitivity, with a linear response over six orders of magnitude (0.39–10000 pg/mL, R2 = 0.998) and an ultralow limit of detection (LOD) of 0.117 pg/mL. Field validation using spiked peanut and soybean samples showed excellent correlation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) reference measurements, while reducing the analysis time from > 1 h to < 5 min per sample. By modifying the tetrahedral DNA sequences, this approach holds promise for the detection of multiple mycotoxins in food enhancing food safety and protecting public health.

The scalable and facile synthesis of large-area, atomically thin metal films is crucial for exploring fundamental phenomena and enabling practical applications of two-dimensional (2D) metals, yet it remains highly challenging. Here, we introduce a simple and robust strategy for fabricating large-area, self-encapsulated 2D metallic films with a thickness as low as 4.8 nm. By exploiting the intrinsic high surface tension of liquid gallium, we achieve oxide-confined dewetting during its solid-to-liquid phase transition. This mechanism yields a self-encapsulated continuous gallium layer, sandwiched between oxide skins enriched with gallium atoms at their interfaces. Leveraging gravity-assisted directional dewetting, we further achieve large-area (∼60 cm2), uniform 2D gallium films exhibiting high optical transparency (>80

AbstractPlasmonic superlattices of anisotropic noble metal nanoparticles offer precise control over light–matter interactions, enabling ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection. By fine-tuning the morphology, composition and interparticle coupling of nanoparticle building blocks, the optical enhancement properties of two-dimensional nanoarchitectures can be precisely engineered for superior sensing performance. Here, we report the programmable synthesis of bimetallic gold‒silver nanoshuttles (Au–Ag NSs) with controllable aspect ratios, namely ultra-short (US), long (L) and ultra-long (UL), via an optimized seed-mediated growth approach. By rationally controlling the polystyrene ligand capping and evaporation conditions at the gas–liquid interface, these Au–Ag NSs were self-assembled into free-standing, single-layer superlattice membranes exhibiting highly ordered two-dimensional packing with uniform interparticle spacing. Using 4-aminothiophenol as a molecular probe, the US-NS membranes delivered outstanding SERS performance, achieving a detection limit of 0.1 nM and an enhancement factor of approximately 105. Moreover, they exhibited remarkable signal uniformity across large areas, attributed to the well-distributed electromagnetic field hotspots within the ordered superlattice. This study establishes a robust strategy for constructing high-performance plasmonic architectures, offering substantial promise for ultrasensitive trace chemical detections.

Defect-free single-atom arrays in optical tweezers are a promising platform for scalable quantum computing, quantum simulation, and quantum metrology. Extending single-species arrays to mixed-species ones promises to offer other possibilities. In our recent proof-of-principle realization of defect-free Lett. 128, 083202 (2022)], the filling fractions were limited by imperfect atom transfer and algorithmic limitations during the rearrangement process. To scale up defect-free mixed-species atom arrays, we increase the tweezer-array size, improve atom-transfer efficiency, and upgrade the heuristic heteronuclear algorithm-removing the need for subpartitioning, incorporating flexibility moves to overcome path blocking, enabling efficient multicycle rearrangement, and thereby achieving higher success rates in larger arrays. Consequently, we successfully created defect-free arrays containing 120 mixed-species atoms. The resulting filling fraction and defect-free probability improved to 98.3(1)% and 14(2)%, respectively. We anticipate that the enhanced algorithm can be extended to other atomic species combinations, making these mixed-species arrays readily available for studies of many-body physics, quantum error correction, and quantum metrology.

Despite their safety and reversibility, MgH2-based storage materials are constrained by strong MgH bonds and high surface energy barriers, causing harsh thermal conditions and poor system performance. This work presents a flower-like NiMn2O4 bimetallic oxide catalyst with enough active sites and high specific surface area, synthesized via a short-duration mechanical milling method to achieve integrated surface activation, compositional hybridization and microstructural refinement of MgH2. The resultant composite delivers 70% of its theoretical capacity without pre-activation. Notably, MgH2-10wt%NiMn2O4 absorbs 4.21 wt% H2 at 150 °C, while increasing catalyst content progressively reduces dehydrogenation peak temperature, achieving a minimum of 323.75 °C, 85.41 °C lower than ball-milled MgH2, and lowering the apparent activation energy to 77.98 kJ/mol. NiMn2O4 enhances MgH2 sorption kinetics through the synergistic NiMn effect and in situ reversible Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4 interfaces, where Mn multivalence weakens MgH bonds electronically and the interfaces promote H₂ diffusion, collectively lowering activation energies and accelerating both dissociation and recombination to enable low-temperature hydrogen uptake and release without pre-activation.

Striasteroids A and B are fungus-derived hybrid steroids with novel skeletons and promising biological activities. Our investigation suggests that both compounds are likely generated from ergosterol and pyrone derivatives via a nonenzymatic pathway during silica gel chromatography. Based on this finding, we developed an efficient one-step synthesis enabling gram-scale production of striasteroid B. In vitro activity evaluation showed that striasteroid B exhibited anti-renal fibrosis activity comparable to that of the clinical drug pirfenidone (PFD) at a concentration of 10 μM. In addition, preliminary pharmacokinetic studies indicated that this compound possesses favorable drug-like properties. Taken together, these results suggest that striasteroid B holds potential for further development as an anti-renal fibrosis agent.

A leaf vein-architected AuNW ecoflexible biosensor, enabling the seamless integration of plant-based substrates with functional gold nanowires for occlusal force monitoring.

It remains a significant challenge to construct a tracheal substitute with both a native-like structure and multiple essential physiological functions. In this study, a combination of 3D printing techniques and a modular strategy is employed to fabricate an engineered trachea, in which the decellularized extracellular matrix particles (DEPs) from diverse sources determined specific regenerative environments in different spatial regions. Costal cartilage-derived DEPs are integrated within the cartilage rings of the engineered trachea. They effectively activated chondrocytes to secrete specific matrix proteins and develop into mature cartilage with a natural pattern of collagen deposition, which provided sufficient mechanical properties to maintain tracheal ventilation. Lung-derived DEPsare strategically placed between the cartilage rings, and are able to accelerate endothelial cell migration to form a transmural vessel network. Additionally, lung-derived DEPs exhibited a great capability to recruit macrophages and facilitate their polarization, which is beneficial for tissue regeneration. The engineered trachea underwent heterotopic vascularization and utilized for long-segmental trachea replacement in a rabbit model, demonstrating a satisfactory physiological function. Through DEP functionalization, the tracheal substitute developed a native-like complex structure with adequate mechanical supply, abundant blood perfusion, and favorable immune conditions, demonstrating significant clinical potential for patients requiring tracheal reconstruction.

Nanoengineering of plasmonic/magnetic nanocrystals plays a pivotal role in advancing biomolecular detection, offering emerging strategies for cancer diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring. Early and precise detection of cancer biomarkers is critical for timely intervention. Yet conventional immunoassays are often hindered by limited sensitivity, nonspecific binding, and inefficient target enrichment, reducing their clinical reliability. Herein, we develop a self-reporting bimetallic plasmonic nanoflowers-based SERS immunoassay that integrates magnetic enrichment and plasmonic field amplification for ultrasensitive detection of total prostate-specific antigen (t-PSA). The bimetallic Ag-Au nanoflowers were synthesized through a novel nanocrystal engineering approach that integrates the structural stability of gold with the superior plasmonic enhancement of silver, while intrinsically incorporating self-reporting SERS labels on the surface. Serving as intrinsic Raman probes, these nanoflowers eliminate the need for external labeling, thereby simplifying the detection process and enhancing reproducibility. Simultaneously, antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles facilitate efficient target separation and enrichment, significantly improving detection sensitivity. This synergistic strategy achieves an ultra-low detection limit of 100 fg mL-1 and enables precise quantification within the diagnostic gray zone (4.0-10.0 ng mL-1), a critical range for early prostate cancer screening. Furthermore, the reliability of the SERS immunoassay was further confirmed by testing t-PSA-spiked serum samples, showing consistent analytical performance and excellent agreement with conventional ELISA measurements. The combination of self-reporting plasmonic nanostructures, magnetic-assisted biomarker capture, and hotspot-driven SERS amplification offers promising and highly sensitive biosensing nanoprobes for early prostate cancer diagnosis.

Synthetic DNA is essential for various areas. Array-based synthetic technologies have been developed, and owing to scalability their synthetic throughput can be dramatically increased with reduced time and cost. However, the traditional arrays are usually fabricated on solid and rigid substrates which can hardly be renewed, their scalability is still limited, which hinders further advance of the synthetic technology. Here, a renewable array based on transformable gallium (Ga) electrode for DNA synthesis and facilitate its downstream manipulation is reported. After the DNA synthesis based on electrochemically triggered phosphoramidite chemistry on the Ga electrode, the electrode can be simply renewed by converting its tip into a drop of liquid metal (LM) so that the remaining electrode can be used for a new synthetic cycle. It also found that by repeated deformations of the LM drop, producing increased oxidation layer on the Ga, the surface DNA can be encapsulated within the LM drop for protection and easy manipulation. It is demonstrated that programmable DNA synthesis and manipulation can be accomplished on a microfluidic chip, which can be used for highthroughput, low-cost DNA synthesis and manipulation for data storage.

Stretchable conductive composites show promising applications ranging from wearable electronics to soft robotics. Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) characterized by both high metallic conductivity and fluidity are ideal deformable fillers for stretchable conductive composites. However, high loading of LM and post-sintering are required to create conductive pathways, leading to high metal consumption, high density of composites, and increased fabrication complexity. Herein, we report a phase transition and mechanochemistry-enabled lightweight three-dimensional LM skeleton with a low density of 0.2 g/cm3 using a salt sacrificial template strategy. The initially conductive skeleton allows the capillary filling of various polymer precursors for sintering-free and on-demand formation of various functional composites. The resulting LM-Ecoflex composite exhibits low metal loading (3.7 vol

Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HIE) reaction is the most direct way to achieve the deuterium labeling as there is no need for extra pre-functionalization. Herein, we report an electrochemical selective deuterium labelling of N-heteroarenes using D2O. The formation of aromatic radicals has been directly identified by using the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique under electrochemical conditions. Mechanistic studies revealed that the hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange involved continuous redox of N-heteroarenes under paired electrolysis and the selectivity of deuteration was established by DFT calculations. This electrochemical synthesis method offers a promising avenue for deuterium incorporation at specific sites of aromatic compounds.

Prussian blue nanozymes (PBNZ) have emerged as promising biomedical agents due to their enzyme-mimetic activities, photothermal properties, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast capabilities. However, their practical utility is limited by aggregation tendencies arising from high surface energy. Here, we present a strategy employing spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) as nanoreactors to synthesize satellite-structured SPB@PBNPs with well-defined dimensions (15-19 nm) and low crystallinity. Through systematic optimization of the mFe3+/mSPB ratio (1, 4) and acidic co-precipitation conditions, uniform anchoring of PBNPs on SPB surfaces was achieved. Comprehensive characterization, including TEM, FTIR, XRD, DLS, and UV-vis, confirmed the structural integrity and monodispersity of the hybrid system. Analysis of crystal growth indicated a nonclassical crystallization pathway, driven by Donnan-like effect mediated Fe3+ confinement at SPB interfaces, which facilitated heterogeneous nucleation and oriented nanoparticle attachment. The three-dimensional brush architecture endowed SPB@PBNPs with remarkable environmental stability across a broad pH range (3.0-7.0) and temperature range (4-60 °C). Enzymatic assays demonstrated enhanced catalytic performance compared to conventional PBNPs (74 nm), exhibiting 3.7-fold enhanced peroxidase-like activity and 3-fold elevated catalase-like activity, attributed to optimized electronic structures and increased active site accessibility due to reduced crystallinity. Furthermore, SPB@PBNPs displayed exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency (60.4 %), MRI contrast capability (r1 = 0.8406 mM-1·s-1), and good biocompatibility. This work elucidates the crystallization dynamics and catalytic enhancement mechanisms of brush-stabilized nanozymes, offering a robust framework for designing multifunctional nanozymes with synergistic catalytic efficiency and environmental resilience.