本文阐述了高校开设《食品安全与人体健康》通识课的重要性和必要性,初步探讨了该课程的教学内容、教学方法及考核方式等问题.本研究对高校《食品安全与人体健康》课程的教学改革具有一定的参考作用.

当前,高校毕业生产实习面临着诸多的困难,也存在着很多的问题,如何提高生产实习的质量,已成为高校亟需研究解决的重要课题.苏州大学食品质量与安全专业自2006年开设以来,围绕培养目标,不断摸索生产实习管理举措.然而,仍存在不少问题,也面临着新的挑战.鉴于这些问题与挑战具有普遍性,因而在此分享我们的认识与思考.

为提高人才培养质量和就业率,苏州大学在食品质量与安全专业试行"611"人才培养模式.本文阐述了此模式的内涵、我校食品质量与安全专业实施此模式的必要性及主要措施,总结了实施此模式取得的初步成效.研究结果可为该专业人才培养模式改革提供参考.

为优化豆薯多糖的提取工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,选取超声时间、水料比、超声功率和水提温度作为优化因素,根据Box-Behnken试验设计原理,进行四因素三水平试验.利用响应面分析方法,建立豆薯多糖得率的多元二次回归方程,并得到最佳提取工艺条件.结果表明:当工艺条件为超声时间20.33 min、水料比20.96 mL/g、超声功率395.9 W、提取温度67.56℃时,豆薯多糖的理论最高得率为8.40%,验证值为8.28%.

ABSTRACT:This experiment was conducted to evaluate the regulating effect of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on nonspe‐cific immune function of Paramisgurnus dabryanus .Fish were fed with the basal diet added 0 ,100 ,200 and 400 mg/kg APS dur‐ing the whole experiment .The control group was injected with sterile saline (0 .85% ) at 15th d ,but the other groups were in‐jected with cyclophosphamide (CYP) .The red blood cell number (RBC) ,white blood cell number (WBC) ,lysozyme (LSZ) ,acid phosphatese (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in serum ,the activity of CAT ,GOT ,GPT ,the total antioxidant capacity(T‐AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in hepatopancreas were examined at the 8th day after injection of CYP . The results demonstrated that compared with others groups ,the fish fed with 200 mg/kg APS could increase the RBC (41 .35% ) ,WBC(4 .00% ) ,LSZ activity(33 .53% ) ,ACP activity(42 .88% ) ,AKP activity(155 .10% ) ,and GOT activity in hep‐atopancreas(58 .33% ) ,GPT activity (221 .43% ) and CAT activity (71 .06% );and the antioxidant capacity was increased by 48 .39% ,MDA content was decrased by 51 .75% .The results indicated that APS of 200 mg/kg had the best immune regulalting effect on nonspecific immune function of Paramisgurnus dabryanus .

The bacteria in probiotic preparations decompose organic matter to obtain energy for growth and repro-duction,thereby improving water quality at low cost and without producing harmful residuals.Thus,probiotics have been widely used in aquacultural waters to improve water quality.However,there are few reports on the screening, growth characterization and application of probiotics for culturing loach.To provide reliable probiotic strains for wa-ter quality improvement in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)culture ponds,we isolated and purified probiotic strains of native Bacillus from loach culture ponds.Four strains of Bacillus were obtained and a dominant strain,re-ferred to as Bacillus NQ1 ,was screened for removal of ammonia and nitrite nitrogen.Based on morphological fea-tures and physiological-biochemical characteristics,NQ1 was identified as Bacillus subtilis.Research on growth characteristics of Bacillus NQ1 indicates that the strain entered the logarithmic growth phase after 4 h and reached the stable growth stage after 16 h.A safety test of B.subtilis NQ1 was conducted in a loach pond with six groups designated:three NQ1 test groups with final pond concentrations of 105 ,106 and 107 cfu/mL;an Aeromonas hydro-philia group with a final concentration of 107 cfu/mL;an NQ1 plus A.hydrophilia group,both with final concen-trations of 107 cfu/mL;the control group that received sterile normal saline.Suspensions of the designated solutions were added to a loach culture pond and an equal volume of sterile normal saline solution was added to a pond as the control.Each group contained 20 loaches and tests were run in triplicate.During the test,aeration was continuous and fish were fed once daily.After 14 days,the survival rates for each group were calculated.Results show that loach feeding and activity in the three NQ1 test groups and the control group were normal and the loach survival rate in all four groups was 100%.The loach survival rate in the NQ1 plus A.hydrophilia group was only 65%,but still higher than the survival rate (40%)in the A.hydrophilia group.In the water purification test,ammonia and ni-trite nitrogen in the 1 ×107 cfu/mL NQ1 group decreased by 34.97% and 89.46% compared to the control group after 14 days.Therefore,B.subtilis NQ1 can improve water quality in aquaculture ponds and shows good potential as a probiotic for managing the microecology of loach culture ponds.

为了解高温季节泥鳅养殖池塘主要水质因子的变化规律，随机选择3口泥鳅池，于2013年7月13日至8月3日，每7天检测1次池水的透明度、责匀、溶解氧、氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮等指标，同时随机选择1口泥鳅池检测溶解氧与氨氮的昼夜变化。结果表明，在高温季节，泥鳅池水的透明度、责匀、溶解氧、氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮变幅分别为9.87~33.00厘米、7.88~8.51、2.62~6.42毫克/升、0.130~0.483毫克/升及0.022~0.156毫克/升，在大多数检测时间点，池水透明度低于20厘米；责匀高于8；溶解氧高于4毫克/升；氨氮高于0.2毫克/升；亚硝酸盐氮低于0.1毫克/升，说明责匀、溶解氧及亚硝酸盐氮基本处于泥鳅养殖的适宜范围内，但透明度偏低，氨氮偏高。

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide (CYP)on loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus).Fish were injected at 100,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight with CYP intraperitoneally, with sterile saline (0.85%)injected group as control.The red blood cell count (RBC),white blood cell count(WBC),nitric oxide(NO)content,complement 3(C3)content,lysozyme(LSZ),acid phosphatese(ACP)and alkaline phosphatase(AKP)ac-tivity in serum,and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity and malondialdehyde(MDA)content in hepatopancreas were deter-mined at 8 days after administration of CYP.The results demonstrated that:compared with control group,the fish injected with 300 mg/kg CYP could significantly decrease the RBC,WBC,LSZ,ACP,AKP activity and C3 content in serum by 73.5%,81.0%,52.2%,29.0%,47.9% and 48.6%(P < 0.05),respectively;and could significantly increase the NO content in serum and MDA content in hepatopancreas by 144.0%and 50.8%(P<0.05),respectively;and could decrease the SOD activity in hepatopancreas,but there were no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).These results indi-cated that CYP could induce the immunosuppression in P.dabryanus.

To establish the pet animal quarantine systems conforming to the Chinese conditions and prevent the spread of epidemic diseases carried by animals,pet animal quarantine requirements in Japan,Australia and other countries or regions were researched,present situation of pet animal quarantine supervision in China analysed,and the quarantine supervison suggestions put forward for entry-exit pet animals.

为研究竹笋多糖(BSP)对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的调节作用,分别以1、5、10、20 mg/kg体质量的剂量对试验蟹体腔注射BSP,同时设注射生理盐水的对照组,在注射后第1、4、7和10d,取样测定中华绒螯蟹血细胞总数(THC)、血细胞吞噬百分率(PP)、吞噬指数(PI)、呼吸爆发(RB)活性、血清溶菌酶(LSZ)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,并在注射BSP后的第4d,从每个处理组中取蟹6只,以1.2 ×107cfu/kg体质量的剂量体腔注射接种中华绒螯蟹致病性嗜水气单胞菌CL99920菌株,记录接种7d后各组蟹的累积死亡率.结果表明:注射适量的BSP能显著地增加中华绒螯蟹的THC、PP和PI(P＜0.05),显著地增强血清LSZ与SOD活性(P＜0.05),对血细胞RB活性(·02-产量)无显著的影响(P＞0.05);注射BSP能不同程度地提高中华绒螯蟹对致病性嗜水气单胞菌的抗感染能力.在本试验条件下,从整体上看,以10 mg/kg体质量的剂量对中华绒螯蟹的免疫调节效果较佳,免疫保护率可达83.33％.

我们总结了泥鳅病害种类调查的结果与新疾病的防治技术,具体如下,以期为养殖户们提供参考. 一、泥鳅病害种类调查 1.调查范围及方法 2012年5月至2013年11月,参照《鱼病调查手册》的调查方法,采用现场调研、文献查询、电话及邮件交流等形式,对江苏省主要泥鳅养殖地区的淮安市、连云港市、宿迁市、徐州市及苏州市的部分水产养殖场发生的泥鳅病害的种类进行了调查. 2.调查结果 经过调查,发现泥鳅病害共计33种,其中病毒性疾病1种、细菌性疾病8种、真菌性疾病2种、寄生虫病12种、敌害2种、其他病害8种.

为研究竹笋多糖(BSP)对免疫抑制中华绒螯蟹的免疫调节作用,试验设投喂基础饲料的对照组、免疫抑制模型组和投喂含2 g/kg竹笋多糖饲料的多糖调节组3个处理组,模型组和多糖组体腔注射10 mg/kg体重剂量的环磷酰胺,对照组注射生理盐水,每隔5d注射1次,共3次.在竹笋多糖调节试验开始后的第0、3、6、12天,采样测定中华绒螯蟹的血细胞总数(THC)、血细胞呼吸爆发(RB)活性和血清酚氧化酶(PO)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性.结果表明,投喂2 g/kg饲料的竹笋多糖能显著提高环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制中华绒螯蟹的THC和血清PO、LSZ及NOS活性(P＜0.05),对血细胞RB活性无显著影响(P＞0.05).由此可见,竹笋多糖对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制中华绒螯蟹具有较好的免疫调节作用.

The fundamental conception of the Food Safety Risk Assessment was introduced,and the status,necessity and significance of establishing Food Safety Risk Assessment in food quality and safety specialty in colleges and universities in China were described,while the property and purpose,teaching materials and teaching content and teaching method of this course were discussed.The investigation could provide some reference for offering this course in colleges and universities.

为检测竹笋多糖对中华绒螯蟹血清中非特异性免疫因子的影响,分别以1、5、10和20 mg/kg体质量的剂量对中华绒螯蟹体腔注射竹笋多糖(0.1 mL/只),同时设注射等体积氯化钠注射液的对照组,在注射后第1天、第4天、第7天和第10天,取样测定中华绒螯蟹血清酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC).结果表明:在多数取样时间点,4个试验组的PO活性,5、10及20 mg/kg组的ACP活性,5和10 mg/kg组的T-AOC,10 mg/kg组的AKP活性均显著高于对照组；以10 mg/kg体质量的刺激效果最佳.由此表明,竹笋多糖能提高中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫水平,可作为中华绒螯蟹潜在的免疫增强剂和饲料添加剂.

分别以0(对照)、50、100和200 mg/kg体质量的剂量将皮质醇拌入基础饲料,制成颗粒饲料投喂中华绒螯蟹7d,在试验开始后第1天、第4天和第7天,分别采样测定中华绒螯蟹血清酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性,并在试验开始后第7天,以0.2 CFU/kg体质量的剂量,体腔注射致病性嗜水气单胞菌CL99920菌株,记录接种7d后中华绒螯蟹的累计病死率.结果表明:对中华绒螯蟹饲喂50、100和200 mg/kg体质量剂量的皮质醇7d后,3个试验组的血清AKP活性显著高于对照组;100和200 mg/kg组的血清LSZ和ACP活性显著低于对照组,3个试验组的血清PO和POD活性亦显著低于对照组;嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后,3个试验组的病死率均高于对照组,以200 mg/kg组的病死率最高,高出对照组26.67％.

<正>食品卫生学是食品质量与安全专业中的一门重要课程,是从卫生安全的角度研究食品中可能存在的、威胁人体健康的有害因素及其预防措施,进而提高食品卫生质量,保护消费者安全的科学。该课程在增进我国人民体质、预防疾病等方面起着重要作用,具有很强的科学性、社会性和应用性。为更好地满足

分别以0(对照)、50、100和200 mg/kg体质量的剂量将恩诺沙星拌入基础饲料,制成颗粒饲料投喂中华绒螯蟹7d,在试验开始后第1、第4和第7天,分别采样测定中华绒螯蟹血清过氧化物酶(POD)、溶菌酶( LSZ)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性,并在试验开始后第7天,以0.2亿CFU/kg体质量的剂量,体腔注射致病性嗜水气单胞菌CL99920菌株,记录接种7d后中华绒鳌蟹的累计病死率.结果表明:50 mg/kg组中华绒螯蟹在大多数采样时间点的血清POD、LSZ、AKP和ACP活性显著高于对照组；100 mg/kg组中华绒螯蟹的血清POD、LSZ及ACP活性,200 mg/kg组的POD、LSZ、AKP及ACP活性均呈现先促进后抑制的转变,其中,200 mg/kg组在试验开始后第7天,上述4个免疫指标活性均显著低于对照组；嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后50 mg/kg组的病死率低于对照组,100和200 mg/kg组的病死率均高于对照组,其中,200 mg/kg组的病死率高于对照组20％.

The formalin killed pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila CL99920 from Eriocheir sinensis with hydroperitoneum disease or trembling disease was used as core-material and sodium alginate as shell material,and then the microencapsulated oral vaccine of A.hydrophila was prepared by emulsion method.The effects of concentration of sodium alginate,emulsification time,stirring speed and proportion of A.hydrophila and sodium alginate on embedding rate and diameter of A.hydrophila microcapsules were studied with single factor test and orthogonal test,and then the optimum preparation technology of microencapsulated vaccine of A.hydrophila was determined.The results showed that the effects of factors on embedding rate of A.hydrophila from significant to less in order was concentration of sodium alginateproportion of A.hydrophila and sodium alginateemulsification timestirring speed,and the optimal conditions were as follows:concentration of sodium alginate was 2%,proportion of A.hydrophila versus sodium alginate was 1∶6,emulsification time was 15 min,and stirring speed was 1000 r/min under this experimental conditions.This method can prepare microcapsules which have good acid resistance and enteric solubility,with embedding rate of being 73.66% and mean diameter of(56.8±1.6)μm.

为探讨CpG寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides,CpG-ODN)激活中华绒螯蟹血细胞酚氧化酶原系统(prophenoloxidase system,proPO系统)的信号传导途径,使用一定剂量的CpGODN-1670、ODN-R以及几种细胞信号传导的激活剂或抑制剂体外处理中华绒螯蟹血细胞,通过检测胞内外酚氧化酶(PO)活性的变化,对CpG ODN触发proPO激活系统的信号传导途径进行评价.结果显示,ODN-1670与ODN-R均可触发蟹血细胞proPO激活系统,试验剂量的ODN-1670可促进血细胞内外已有的proPO转化为PO,而对proPO颗粒的释放具有一定的抑制作用;ODN-R则不仅可使proPO转化为PO,还可促进血细胞脱颗粒.两者的信号传导途径相似,可能都包含了G-蛋白介导的蛋白激酶C(PKC)途径,酪氨酸蛋白激酶(RTK)途径对ODN-1670的触发proPO激活系统的活化过程进行负调控.

To study the effects of bovine lactoferrin on the immune function of Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis were fed with the diets added bovine lactoferrin powder dosed at 0(control),0.1,0.3,0.7,1.0,2.0,5.0 g/kg dry diet for 4 weeks,respectively.The phenoloxidase(PO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and lysozyme(LSZ) activities in serum were determined at 1,2,3,and 4 weeks.The results indicated that the PO,SOD and POD activities in the serum of Chinese mitten crab fed with bovine lactoferrin of test doses were significantly improved(P<0.05).No significant differences were observed in the LSZ activities of the serum(P>0.05).The appropriate adding amount of bovine lactoferrin was 0.3 g/kg dry diet.