Myelosuppression is a common and severe side effect of cancer chemotherapy, with current treatments hindered by limitations such as depletion of hematopoietic reserves, poor patient compliance, delayed therapeutic onset, and high cost. To overcome these challenges, we developed Epimedium-derived nanovesicles (ENVs) from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Epimedium, addressing the solubility and bioavailability issues associated with conventional extracts. ENVs encapsulate bioactive constituents, including icariin and hematopoiesis-promoting ceramides. In a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced myelosuppression mouse model, prophylactic and therapeutic oral administration of ENVs effectively alleviated hematopoietic suppression, significantly outperforming the Epimedium-based herbal extract "Joungal" (Shengbai Formula) despite equivalent icariin content. Notably, ENVs promoted hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation-an outcome rarely achieved with existing therapies. Mechanistically, ENVs modulated the gut microbiota, enriching lactobacillus species and enhancing lactate production. This microbiota-driven lactate signaling stimulated LepR+mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow niche to secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and stem cell factor (SCF), thereby supporting HSC expansion and restoring hematopoietic function. In vivo safety evaluations confirmed the excellent biocompatibility of ENVs. Our findings uncover a gut-lactate-bone marrow axis through which ENVs enhance hematopoiesis and promote HSC regeneration. This work introduces a cost-effective, scalable, and orally administrable biomaterial platform with strong translational potential for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression.

Thin-film composite polyamide membranes remain the benchmark for water desalination and purification. However, conventional polyamide membranes are greatly limited by the trade-off between water permeance and ion permselectivity, but also susceptible to chlorine degradation and membrane fouling. Here we addressed these issues by molecularly creating hierarchically structured polymer nanofilms featuring polyamide/polyethylene glycol (PEG) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) and interconnected hydrated micropores via macromolecule-regulated interfacial polymerization. This strategy enables controlled synthesis of nanofilms with semi-IPN architectures and tunable subnanometre-scale micropores, spanning reverse osmosis to nanofiltration. The resultant semi-IPN networks synergistically enhance water permeance and ion permselectivity to overcome the intrinsic permeability-selectivity trade-off, but also further provide superior resistance to chlorine, biofouling and mineral scaling and long-term operational stability in seawater desalination, outperforming commercial polyamide membranes. This work offers a robust platform for creating hierarchically ordered polymer networks for high-performance seawater desalination to solve the global water crisis.

In harsh marine environments, polymer coatings are prone to undetectable microdamage, increasing maintenance costs and safety risks. To achieve visual monitoring and precise self-repair of microdefects, this study constructed a smart protective coating integrating damage warning, self-healing, antibacterial properties, and long-term corrosion protection. The coating was fabricated by embedding mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres loaded with Rhodamine B (RhB) into a thermally responsive epoxy resin matrix. The innovation lies in the synergy between the fluorescent nanofillers and the thermally responsive matrix. Based on this synergy, the coating exhibits multiple smart functions: (1) precise localization of microdefects via significant fluorescence enhancement at damaged sites; (2) a graded warning mechanism from coating damage to metal corrosion, triggered by specific binding of RhB with Fe3+ and subsequent fluorescence quenching. Under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the coating rapidly heats to 85.5 degrees C (approximately 4 times that of the neat epoxy coating), further triggering two additional key functions: (3) activation of the shape-memory effect to close microcracks, with impedance recovering by more than 2 orders of magnitude compared to the scratched state; (4) high antibacterial performance, with bactericidal rates of 99.8% against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and 96.69% against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed superior barrier performance: after 90 d of immersion, the impedance modulus remained at 1.31 & times; 109 Omega & centerdot;cm2, approximately 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the neat epoxy coating. In summary, this study provides an effective strategy for monitoring anticorrosion coating failure and triggering repair, offering a reliable design approach for next-generation intelligent protective materials for harsh environments such as marine engineering.

Chemotherapy remains a primary cancer treatment. However, the poor selectivity of conventional small-molecule chemotherapeutic agents often leads to severe side effects against normal cells and tissues, limiting their clinical application. To address this challenge, tumor-microenvironment-activated prodrugs represent a promising strategy for enhancing selectivity and efficacy. Herein, we developed a charge-reversal prodrug, PIX-DMMA, synthesized through the reaction between primary amino groups of pixantrone (PIX) and 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (DMMA). PIX-DMMA is activated under tumor extracellular pH (∼6.5), releasing the o-PIX while simultaneously undergoing charge reversal from negative to positive, thereby enhancing cellular uptake. Drug release kinetics at pH 6.5 were verified via NMR spectroscopy. In vitro studies demonstrated that prodrug activation at pH 6.5 confers significant tumor selectivity and potent cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Furthermore, in vivo studies in LoVo tumor-bearing mice showed significant tumor growth inhibition without significant systemic toxicity. This acid-triggered charge-reversal prodrug represents a promising strategy for selective cancer therapy.

BackgroundOleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid abundantly present in various traditional Chinese herbs, exhibits promising anti-psoriatic potential owing to its broad pharmacological activities. Nevertheless, its clinical translation has been hindered by challenges including poor aqueous solubility, limited cutaneous permeation, and rapid systemic clearance, all of which compromise bioavailability when administered topically. To address these limitations, we designed and developed encapsulated and disulfide bonded OA-hyaluronic acid nanoprodrugs (OA-NPs@OA) for topical treatment of psoriasis in this study.ResultsOA-NPs@OA exhibited significantly enhanced cellular uptake via CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis in keratinocytes, achieving a markedly lower IC50 value compared to free OA and considerably stronger apoptosis induction effects. In the IMQ-induced murine model, topically applied OA-NPs@OA demonstrated superior transdermal penetration with sustained lesional retention, effectively reversing psoriatic phenotypes with remarkably reduced PASI scores and splenomegaly, normalized epidermal thickness, and suppressed immune inflammation and cytokines. OA-NPs@OA exhibited superior effects to free OA and Calcipotriol Ointment. Mechanistically, OA-NPs@OA concurrently suppressed keratinocyte hyperproliferation via blocking the YAP-AREG pathway axis and reduced immune cell infiltration by downregulating chemokine networks, breaking the psoriatic inflammatory loop. Crucially, OA-NPs@OA showed excellent biosafety with no dermal or systemic toxicity following consecutively topical administration.ConclusionsOA-NPs@OA represents a novel targeted nanotherapy that overcomes the limitations of OA in anti-psoriasis by offering enhanced bioavailability, multimodal anti-psoriatic action, and optimized safety profiles.

The thioredoxin (Trx) system, an integral component of cellular redox regulation, preserves protein dithiol-disulfide equilibrium through its conserved Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active site and is involved in key cellular functions, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and signal transduction. In cancer biology, the thioredoxin system plays dual roles: overexpression can suppress oxidative stress and promote tumor growth, whereas dysfunction can trigger programmed cell death (PCD). However, a critical area for future research is to delineate how Trx modulates the intricate networks of PCD, and to identify key nodes within these pathways that can be targeted for oncological therapy. This review outlines the structure and function of the thioredoxin system, highlighting its role in redox balance and its regulatory dynamics in healthy and disease states. We further examine the dual role of Trx by detailing its cross-regulatory networks that modulate diverse PCD pathways, including disulfidptosis, ferroptosis, apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis and necroptosis. In addition, we comprehensively outline therapeutic approaches that manipulate the Trx pathway to regulate PCD across a spectrum of health disorders, including malignancies, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, cardiovascular ailments, and metabolic dysfunctions. Finally, we address the current clinical applications of targeting the thioredoxin system. Although challenges such as tumor heterogeneity and drug-delivery efficiency persist, it remains a promising therapeutic avenue. This review aims to develop a theoretical framework and provide tactical guidance for the development of novel treatments targeting the Trx-PCD pathway.

Refractory wounds caused by bacterial infections pose a severe clinical challenge, highlighting the urgent need for wound dressings with both excellent antibacterial activity and advanced tissue regeneration capabilities. Herein, a multifunctional photothermal antibacterial hydrogel (GHUS-mPDA@HL) was fabricated using mesoporous polydopamine-loaded α-N-thiosemicarbazone (mPDA@HL) nanoparticles, ureido-pyrimidinone grafted gelatin (GHU) and sodium alginate as primary components. The hydrogel network was constructed via quadruple hydrogen bonding and an interpenetrating polymer network, rendering it injectable, self-healing, and tissue-adhesive properties. The mPDA@HL nanoparticles combine the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone compound (HL) with intrinsic photothermal and antibacterial capacity of mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA). Furthermore, under 808 nm near-infrared irradiation, GHUS-mPDA@HL hydrogel exhibits excellent photothermal performance, enabling efficient bacterial eradication, inflammatory mitigation, and accelerated wound healing. The GHUS-mPDA@HL hydrogel achieves synergistic antibacterial effects against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli (99.98%) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (99.99%) under near-infrared irradiation. Additionally, the hydrogel showed excellent biocompatibility and effective reactive oxygen species scavenging ability. In a full-thickness skin wound mouse model, GHUS-mPDA@HL hydrogel under NIR irradiation remarkably accelerates wound repair, with a healing rate of 98.49% within 10 days. It also promotes collagen deposition and angiogenesis to further facilitate wound closure. Overall, this GHUS-mPDA@HL hydrogel presents an excellent antibacterial activity and potent wound-healing promotion effects, providing a promising strategy for the development of intelligent wound dressings.

The efficient removal of harmful dyes, metal ions, and bacteria from wastewater remains challenging due to their high chemical stability and low affinity for many conventional adsorbents. In this work, a high-performance composite membrane was constructed by incorporating zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) into a poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ionic liquid) (PVA/PIL) matrix. This strategic design, incorporating both PIL and ZIF-8, aims to achieve efficient adsorption and antibacterial action. As a result, the PVA/PIL/ZIF-8 composite membrane exhibits remarkable adsorption capacities of 684.47 and 68.89 mg/g for MO and Cu2+, respectively. The primary adsorption mechanisms were attributed to electrostatic interactions and ion exchange. Furthermore, the composite membrane exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity, achieving a 100% antibacterial rate against common Gram-positive/-negative bacteria. This antibacterial mechanism, which combines electrostatic interaction, membrane permeability, and ZIF-8-mediated oxidative stress, endows the PVA/PIL/ZIF-8 membrane with potent and sustained antibacterial activity. This study provides a promising strategy for developing multifunctional membrane materials capable of simultaneously removing dyes, metal ions, and bacteria from industrial wastewater.

Fluorescent hydrogels have garnered significant research interest in information storage fields due to their unique physicochemical properties and design versatility. However, the relatively limited functionality of most fluorescent hydrogels also restricts their practical application. Therefore, the development of multifunctional stimuli-responsive hydrogels has become increasingly urgent. In this context, a multifunctional POM-based ionic hydrogel with high conductivity, fluorescence and antibacterial properties was prepared by simple one-step radical polymerization using acrylamide, polyoxometalates (POMs) and imidazole ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-ethe-nylimidazol-1-iumbromide) as raw materials. The fabricated multifunctional POM-based ionic hydrogel exhibits prominent fluorescence emission, superior ionic conductivity (11.22 mS/cm), and remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive/negative bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli (E. coli, 91.96 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, 99.89 %). Based on these advantages, the multifunctional stimuli-responsive POMbased ionic hydrogel not only exhibit excellent sensing properties for motion recognition, but also demonstrate reversible luminescent switching behavior under HCl/NH3 stimulation. This reversible luminescent switching property makes the hydrogels promising candidates for secure information storage. Notably, the usage information remains invisible in daylight and can only be clearly observed under ultraviolet light, highlighting its potential applications in information protection. This work not only realizes the simple synthesis of multifunctional POM-based ionic hydrogel, but also provides a novel idea for developing ionic hydrogel as wearable sensors.

Rationale: The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) serving as key contributors. Immunosuppressive M2-type TAMs are associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance, highlighting the need for strategies to reprogram these cells into pro-inflammatory M1 phenotypes. To address this, we developed a TME-reshaping nanoplatform combining the tumor-targeting capability of M1 macrophage-derived nanovesicles (M1NVs) with the immunomodulatory and catalytic properties of hollow, virus-spiky hMnOx nanozymes. This approach aims to enhance chemotherapy delivery while simultaneously reversing immunosuppression and boosting antitumor immunity. Methods: We engineered a biomimetic nanoplatform by physically co-extruding M1NVs with hMnOx nanozymes. The platform was evaluated in a malignant melanoma model characterized by M2 TAM infiltration, using the first-line chemotherapeutic agent dacarbazine (DTIC) as a model drug. The system's tumor-targeting ability, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory effects were assessed. Additionally, the capacity of hMnOx nanozymes to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and promote antigen presentation was investigated. Results: The nanoplatform demonstrated precise tumor-targeted delivery of DTIC via M1NVs, effectively inducing tumor cell death. The combination of M1NVs and hMnOx nanozymes successfully repolarized M2 TAMs into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, alleviating immunosuppression and enhancing immunotherapy efficacy. Furthermore, hMnOx nanozymes triggered ICD and improved antigen presentation, amplifying antitumor immune responses. The fabrication process was simple and scalable, underscoring the platform's potential for clinical translation. Conclusion: This study presents a novel nanozyme-boosted biomimetic macrophage-derived nanovesicle system that integrates precise tumor targeting, chemotherapy delivery, and TME immunomodulation. By repolarizing TAMs and enhancing antitumor immunity, the platform offers a promising strategy to overcome treatment resistance in immunosuppressive tumors. Its scalable production and high clinical potential make it a viable candidate for future cancer therapy applications.

The synergistic assembly of nanomaterials constitutes a rapidly evolving domain. Biomolecules, encompassing nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and natural small molecules, function as foundational elements in biological processes. The coordination–driven self–assembly of these biomolecules with metal ions to engender novel functional nanomaterials represents a captivating avenue. These newly fashioned nanomaterials boast superior attributes in sensing, catalysis, imaging, and therapeutic applications, attributable to their biocompatibility and multifunctional nature. In this review, we delineate the distinctive binding sites and metal affinities of biomolecules implicated in coordination chemistry, and we summarize the nanostructures—including nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanoflowers, and others—that arise from biomolecular coordination assembly, along with their advanced applications. Ultimately, we explore the prospects and challenges that lie ahead in this burgeoning field.

Conductive flexible hydrogel are widely used in wearable electronics owing to its desired conductivity, flexibility, adhesion, and mechanical properties similar to human tissue. Nevertheless, conductivity and bacterial infections are always critical issues for the long-term use of hydrogel wearable sensors. Herein, a multifunctional polyoxometalate-based hydrogel with both antibacterial and sensing performances are prepared by integrating polydopamine-functionalized polyoxometalates (POMs) particles into polyacrylamide matrix. To obtain rapid gelation times (to seconds), a dual autocatalytic system focused on lignin and copper ions was formed by activating ammonium persulfate to generate free radicals and initiating the free-radical polymerization of acrylamide monomers. The fabricated POM-based hydrogel exhibited high mechanical strength (135.8 kPa), conductivity (2.52 mS/cm), and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive/negative bacterial strains Escherichia coli (E. coli, 99.39%) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, 99.42%); thus, they were utilized as wearable sensors. These sensors also exhibited high stability and repeatability during 6000 s stretching/releasing cycles; therefore, it were used to monitor the human motions of finger, wrist, and elbow. Together, this strategy not only provides approaches for designing POM-based hydrogel materials but also expands the potential application of POMs in the advanced wearable strain sensors and antibacterial field.

Background: Photostability assessment is a critical component in the development of drug products, particularly for antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) containing light-sensitive small molecules such as camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives. ADCs conjugated with CPT derivative payloads often require extensive formulation and drug product development to ensure product stability due to their unique light-induced degradation pathways. In this study, we assessed the photostability of two ADC molecules with a CPT derivative payload (deruxtecan, DXd). Methods: Following light exposure, the stability of ADCs was assessed by examining critical quality attributes, such as aggregation and photodegradation products of the antibody, payload, and formulation excipients, using advanced liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Results: Our results revealed key degradation pathways, including the formation of high-molecular-weight (HMW) species, payload degradation, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) on amino acid residues in the antibodies. Additionally, the DXd payload amplified the photosensitivity of the formulation solution, leading to histidine degradation in the formulation buffer and subsequent pH changes. To enhance the stability of ADCs for manufacturing and therapeutic use, we developed a robust formulation by systematic buffer screening and a targeted evaluation of selected antioxidant excipients. Further investigations into light conditions revealed that DXd ADCs are particularly sensitive to short-wavelength light. When evaluating the container closure system, it was demonstrated that using amber vials is a viable option for protecting against light-induced degradation. Conclusions: This report outlines a comprehensive strategy to address photo instability in DXd ADC drug product development, focusing on formulation optimization, controlled manufacturing light settings, and the option of using protective containers to ensure product stability.

Cisplatin (CDDP) is widely used as one kind of chemotherapy drugs in cancer treatment. It functions by interacting with DNA, leading to the DNA damage and subsequent cellular apoptosis. However, the presence of intracellular PARP1 diminishes the anticancer efficacy of CDDP by repairing DNA strands. Olaparib (OLA), a PARP inhibitor, enhances the accumulation of DNA damage by inhibiting its repair. Therefore, the combination of these two drugs enhances the sensitivity of CDDP chemotherapy, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, both drugs suffer from poor water solubility and limited tumor targeting capabilities. To address this challenge, we proposed the self-assembly of two drugs, CDDP and OLA, through hydrogen bonding to form stable and uniform nanoparticles. Self-assembled nanoparticles efficiently target tumor cells and selectively release CDDP and OLA within the acidic tumor microenvironment, capitalizing on their respective mechanisms of action for improved anticancer therapy. In vitro studies demonstrated that the CDDP-OLA NPs are significantly more effective than CDDP/OLA mixture and CDDP at penetrating cancer cells and suppressing their growth. In vivo studies revealed that the nanoparticles specifically accumulated at the tumor site and enhanced the therapeutic efficacy without obvious adverse effects. This approach holds great potential for enhancing the drugs’ water solubility, tumor targeting, bioavailability, and synergistic anticancer effects while minimizing its toxic side effects.

An injectable hydrogel loading alpha-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones with antibacterial activity was designed to attain therapy against wounds with high efficiency. In the present study, the injectable FPZ-H2L hydrogel was synthesized by loading 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(N-4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (H2L) on transition-metal ions (Zn2+)-cross-linked-folic acid (FA)-co-polydopamine (PDA) hydrogel (FPZ hydrogel). The injectable hydrogel (FPZ-H2L) cross-linked by coordination and hydrogen bonds displayed an excellent self-healing performance and completely covered the irregular wound. Compared with the FPZ hydrogel, the FPZ-H2L hydrogel has stronger antibacterial efficacy on typical Gram-positive/negative bacteria and drug-resistant bacteria. The antibacterial mechanisms of the hydrogel were related to biofilm ablation, the disruption of the cell membrane integrity, leakage of nucleic acids and proteins, and the production of oxidative stress response, thus causing bacterial death. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) test shows that FPZ-H2L hydrogel has excellent cell compatibility, and gel drug loading technology greatly overcomes the problem of high cytotoxicity of H2L. The wound healing experiments indicated that the hydrogel enhanced the wound healing efficacy of mice. These results prove that the mixed hydrogel has broadened the field of vision for the design of antibacterial wound dressings.

Membrane materials that resist nonspecific or specific adsorption are urgently required in widespread practical applications, such as water purification, food processing, and life sciences. In water purification, inevitable membrane fouling not only limits membrane separation performance, leading to a decline in both permeance and selectivity, but also remarkably increases operation requirements, and augments extra maintenance costs and higher energy consumption. In this work, we report a freestanding interfacial polymerization (IP) fabrication strategy for in situ creation of asymmetric block copolymer (BCP) nanofilms with antifouling properties, greatly outperforming the conventional surface post-modification approaches. The resultant free-standing asymmetric BCP nanofilms with highly-dense, highly-hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) brushes on one side, can be readily formed via a typical IP process of a well-defined double-hydrophilic BCP composed of a highly-efficient antifouling PEG block and a membrane-forming multiamine block. The asymmetric BCP nanofilms have been applied for efficient and sustainable natural water purification, demonstrating extraordinary antifouling capabilities accompanied with superior separation performance far beyond commercial polyamide nanofiltration membranes. The antifouling behaviors of asymmetric BCP nanofilms derived from the combined effect of the hydration layer, electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance were further elucidated by water flux and fouling resistance in combination with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This work opens up a new avenue for the large-scale and low-cost creation of broad-spectrum, asymmetric membrane materials with diverse functional "defect-free" surfaces in real-world applications.

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation leads to the degradation of the extracellular matrix and collagen, thereby accelerating skin aging and imposing substantial psychological burden on patients. Current anti-aging strategies are limited and often associated with high costs or strong side effects. Plant-derived extracellular vesicle-like nanovesicles, with advantages such as natural availability and cost-effectiveness, show potential in anti-aging interventions. This study extracted extracellular vesicle-like nanovesicle from Polygonum multiflorum (PMELNVs) and systematically investigated their composition and metabolic pathways, further examining their efficacy and underlying mechanisms in combating photoaging. Results revealed the excellent antioxidative properties of PMELNVs, alleviating UV-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase production, reducing extracellular matrix degradation, promoting collagen synthesis, and ultimately exerting anti-photoaging effects. Additionally, safety assessments demonstrated favorable biocompatibility of PMELNVs. This study provides novel evidence supporting PMELNVs' ability to resist photoaging by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing collagen expression, thereby offering potential as a new natural therapeutic agent against skin photoaging and promising a safer and more effective local anti-aging strategy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer is known for its minimal invasiveness and safe characteristics, but the hypoxic tumor microenvironment still limits efficacy. Herein, we have developed a novel “balloon-like” biomimetic erythrocyte vesicle, which is constructed by loading chlorin e6 (Ce6) and oxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) in a folate (FA)-modified, PEGylated liposome, denoted as Ce6-Hb-FA@lip (CHFL). The CHFL exhibits high biocompatibility and good stability in PBS solution. Moreover, CHFL possesses the “balloon-like” elastic structure for oxygen binding with the change of volume. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate an effective PDT of CHFL, which significantly reverses the hypoxic microenvironment of tumor cells through the targeted cotransmission of Ce6 and Hb. Additionally, this biomimetic erythrocyte vesicle can induce oxidative stress to enhance tumor immunogenicity and trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD). Thus, the dying tumor cells can activate both dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes, which, in turn, initiates the antitumor immune response by releasing the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This effective and safe platform holds great promise in the development of nanomedicines for innovative oxygen-enhanced PDT in the treatment of cancer.

The development of multifunctional films with rapidly killing microorganisms and adsorbing residual antibiotics in wastewater remains a challenging endeavor. In this work, the chitosan/zinc ion/polyoxometalate (CS/Zn2+/POM) multifunctional films were prepared by the freeze-drying method using chitosan, ZnO, and POM. Notably, the CS/Zn2+/POM films exhibited excellent bactericidal properties against Gram-positive/negative bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, 99.80%), Escherichia coli (E. coli, 99.82%), and drug-resistant E. coli bacterial strains (kanamycin-resistant E. coli, 87.76% and ampicillin-resistant E. coli, 99.71%). This may be due to the chelation of Zn2+ with CS disrupting the cell membrane and bringing POM into direct contact with bacteria, leading to bacterial death. In addition, the CS/Zn2+/POM films showed good adsorption performance to a tetracycline (TC) solution (adsorption rate 75.2%). Further studies showed that the main process of tetracycline removal by CS/Zn2+/POM films was controlled by a physical adsorption. This POM-based film material has an important potential for the synthesis of broad-spectrum antimicrobial materials for the removal of residual antibiotics from water pollutants such as tetracycline.

Synthetic chemistry has played a vital role in miscellaneous fields of human civilization over the past century. The synthetic stage yet remains time-consuming and labor-intensive. To overcome these limitations, automation has been introduced to transform synthetic chemistry, leading to the development of high-throughput methods for molecular discovery. Automated flow chemical synthesis (AFCS) has recently emerged as a promising candidate, offering improved efficiency, scalability, and sustainability over the well-known automated solid-phase peptide synthesis. To further advance AFCS, elements like artificial intelligence-based computer-aided structure design and synthesis planning, autonomously assembled compatible synthesis with enhanced automated process control, and autonomous optimization can be considered. This review focuses on recent advances in computer-aided automated flow chemical synthesis (CAAFCS) of polymers in living polymerization and iterative synthesis strategy. The current challenges and outlook are finally discussed for developing more powerful CAAFCS systems and expanding their applicability across numerous fields, potentially providing brand-new perspectives and guidelines for future developments in this field.