Abstract Introduction Mast cells (MCs) are best known for their role in allergies, inflammation, and fibrosis, yet their contribution to metabolic associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) remains unknown. MASLD is a progressive condition characterized by lipid accumulation, hepatocellular injury, and fibrosis. Only one approved therapy for MASLD exists with moderate effect. Methods To address this, we investigated MC and T cell populations in the livers of BALB/c mice with methionine and choline deficient diet (MCD) induced MASLD compared to healthy controls. Using ex vivo flow cytometry and cytokine multiplex assays, we quantified T cell response to the model. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we identified and quantified MCs to assess whether their population size changes in MASLD. Results Our MASLD model successfully induced liver steatosis and liver injury with increases in pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines, validating its use for immunological studies. Ex vivo stimulation from control and MASLD livers demonstrated that cannabigerol (CBG) or CBG + cannabidiol (CBD), but not CBG alone, mitigated both helper and cytotoxic T cell activation (assessed by CD69, CD25, and IL-2 expression). TGF-β1 production was enhanced nearly 3-fold in the MASLD model, as expected, and this was restored to nearly control levels with CBG intervention. A similar pattern was observed with MC infiltration into the liver of MASLD mice with CBG intervention. Conclusion MC are a highly leverageable therapeutic target due to their unique expression of FceRI in solid tissue. These findings highlight MCs as potential targets of liver pathology and as an avenue for more affordable intervention via cannabinoids in a disease space that has relatively few effective alternatives. Funding Source NIDDK Grant 1R15DK131507-01A1 Topic Categories Immune Mechanisms of Human Disease (HUM)

Abstract Introduction Emerging evidence suggests that activation of different immune cell populations contributes to the progression of MASLD to advanced MASH. Thus, with lipogenic and fibrotic markers, exploring liver innate and adaptive immune cell activation and recruitment can enhance understanding of MASLD progression and therapeutic targets. Previous studies showed CBG, a non-psychotropic cannabinoid, reduces inflammation in MCD diet-induced MASH, while CBD alleviates alcohol-induced liver steatosis. Considering this, the study explores the efficacy of CBG alone or with CBD in MASLD-associated inflammation and metabolic disorders. Methods In vivo, blood glucose levels, serum insulin, and adiponectin are analyzed. Inflammation by innate immune cells is assessed by IHC for CD45, CK19, F4/80 (Kupffer), and infiltrated macrophages—M1 and M2, and LPS-induced IL-6 production from isolated hepatocytes. Adaptive immunomodulation is assessed by T cell numbers (CD4+ and CD8+) +/- the treatments in peripheral blood, spleen, and liver. In vitro, steatosis is induced in hepatocytes by free fatty acid, followed by CBG or CBD to evaluate effects on fat accumulation. Results In vivo, CBG decreases Kupffer cells, M1 macrophages, and ductular proliferation, but increases M2 macrophages in both sexes. It also improves steatosis, increases adiponectin, and lowers insulin. In vitro, CBG decreases fat accumulation, while the combo reduces IL-6. Conclusion Together these data suggest a promising therapeutic potential of CBG in MASLD. Funding Source National Institute of Health (NIH), [Grant number: 1R15DK131507-01A1] Topic Categories Immune Mechanisms of Human Disease (HUM)

Background and Aims: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a progressive form of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), involves inflammation, fibrosis, steatosis, and oxidative stress. Previous research from our lab shows that cannabigerol (CBG) reduces inflammation and fibrosis in male MASH mice, but its effects in females remain unknown. Given immune cell population changes in MASLD patients, this study examines CBG’s impact on methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet-induced MASH in female mice. Methods: MCD-fed female mice are supplemented with two different doses for three weeks. Liver fibrosis, steatosis, oxidative stress, ductular reaction, and inflammation are assessed via Sirius Red, Oil Red O, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. Immune cell changes in non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) are analyzed via flow cytometry. Results: CBG treatment improves liver health by reducing leukocyte infiltration. Both CBG doses significantly decrease fibrosis, oxidative stress, ductular proliferation, and inflammation in MCD-fed mice, including monocyte and T lymphocyte reductions. Additionally, CBG downregulates mast cell activation, inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 release, thereby suppressing hepatic stellate cell activation. This reduces collagen deposition, fibrosis, and ductular proliferation. Conclusions: Our findings provide insights for pre-clinical and clinical research, highlighting CBG’s potential therapeutic role and dosage considerations in mitigating liver fibrosis and inflammation in female patients.

The Berry curvature has been widely recognized as the intrinsic mechanism of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in ferromagnetic metals. However, the Berry curvature induced by the interplay between ferromagnetism and topological structure has been largely unexplored. In this study, we focus on Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) nanoflakes, which has been proposed as a candidate of topological nodal-line semimetals. The angular dependence of anomalous Hall resistance shows an anomalous angle-independent Hall resistance up to similar to 85 degrees, violating the conventional Stoner-Wohlfarth rule. This phenomenon indicates that Berry curvature induced by the crystalline symmetries dominates the intrinsic mechanism of AHE. Furthermore, through making the comparison of AHE in SrRuO3 and FGT, we find that the Berry curvature in FGT is topologically protected, which is distinct from the strong dependence of magnetization in SrRuO3. Our findings illustrate a rare example to exhibit the significant implications of topological structure to AHE.

Transition metal diborides (MB2), characterized by their simple crystal lattice structure and wide linear dispersion range, serve as an ideal system for exploring novel topological states and anomalous physical properties. In this study, we report a temperature-induced Fermi surface reconstruction at around 100 K and the anomalous magnetotransport behaviors mediated by it in nodal line semimetal TiB2 single crystals. The experimental evidence for the Fermi surface reconstruction comes from the following aspects: (i) a noticeable dip in the temperature-dependent Seebeck coefficient; (ii) a breakdown of the Kohler's rule; (iii) abnormal changes of hole carriers at around 100 K; (iv) the sharp change of twofold symmetry in the angle- dependent magnetoresistance (ADMR) patterns. Through such a Fermi surface reconstruction, the anisotropic magnetotransport behavior of TiB2 exhibits significant changes. At low temperatures, TiB2 exhibits field orientation-dependent superlinear unsaturated MR, while at high temperatures it can transform to linear MR or sublinear MR depending on the direction of magnetic field. Finally, the possible origin of the Fermi surface was discussed. This work reveals the presence of Fermi surface reconstruction and provide a suitable platform for exploring the relationship between Fermi surface topology and anomalous magnetotransport phenomenon in topological semimetals.

The induced magnetization of Pt holds significant promise for the development of spintronic devices. In this study, we constructed a two-dimensional heterostructure consisting of a ferromagnetic insulating CrI3 3 nanoflake and metallic Pt thin films. The observation of anomalous Hall effect suggests the emergence of a ferromagnetic long-range order in the Pt thin film induced by the magnetic proximity effect. Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. We propose that the spontaneous magnetization of Pt in Pt/CrI3 3 stems from an intensified exchange interaction between Pt 5d d and Cr 3d d electrons, which is facilitated by the interface coupling and the formation of interfacial hybrid orbitals. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of spin-based phenomena and have potential implications for advancements in the field of spintronics.

Solid-state refrigeration leveraging the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) presents a sustainable and energy-efficient alternative to traditional gas compression refrigeration technologies. However, the practical utility of most magnetocaloric materials is restricted by their narrow operational temperature window. In this work, a stable magnetocaloric effect across an ultrawide temperature range of 146–320 K was achieved in Hf0.85Ta0.15Fe2 magnet via the hydrostatic pressure manipulation. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism for the extended and stable MCEs under hydrostatic pressure has been revealed by magnetization measurements and first-principles calculations. The material systems characterized by strong spin–lattice coupling exhibit considerable potential for externally manipulated hybrid-field-tuned magnetic properties and magnetocaloric performance, providing a convenient and practical approach for advancing applications in magnetic refrigeration technologies.

Magnetic topological materials have attracted significant attention due to their complicated magnetism and abundant topological states. Here, we report an antiferromagnetic (AFM) topological material EuAgSb with a hexagonal structure (space group P63/mmc, No.194), whose high-quality single crystals were synthesized using the flux method. The magnetic susceptibility shows an AFM transition at TN = 6.8K, which is further supported by specific heat capacity and resistivity measurements. The isothermal magnetization indicates that all Eu spins are completely polarized along the magnetic field direction when the magnetic fields parallel to the c-axis and the ab-plane are higher than 5.0T and 3.6T, respectively. The resistivity firstly decreases with the decreasing temperature and increases abnormally near the AFM transition temperature TN, which may be related to the enhancement of spin scattering induced by the spin fluctuations. The magnetoresistance (MR) for both field directions show obvious negative MR at 9T. The negative MR persists well above TN, and gradually transitions to a positive MR as temperature further increases. The Hall resistivity indicates that holes are dominant carriers in EuAgSb, and the carrier density is almost temperature independent. In addition, the Hall resistivity exhibits a hump-like anomaly below TN, which can be attribute to the anomalous Hall effect and topological Hall effect. In conclusion, our studies suggest that EuAgSb is a candidate magnetic topological semimetal, which provides a platform for further exploring the coupling between magnetic order and the topology of bands.

Recently, GnRHa puberty blockers have been under scrutiny, with newly identified risks of heart and brain damage and recurrent concerns about fertility, cancer risk, and bone health. This study explores the effects of GnRHa on liver morphology, function, and injury response. Peripubertal male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received daily GnRHa triptorelin (100 μg) subcutaneously. Liver oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis were evaluated via malondialdehyde and 8-OHdG (oxidative damage), immunohistochemistry for CK19 (cholangiocytes) and CD45 (leukocytes), and collagen staining as well as áSMA (liver fibrogenesis) and TIMP1 (extracellular matrix breakdown) expression, respectively. Following GnRHa treatment, only male rats exhibited increased ductular reaction and oxidative stress. In contrast, GnRHa-treated female rats showed increased leukocyte infiltration. In both sexes, GnRHa-treated rats showed increased fibrosis, with significantly increased collagen deposition and áSMA expression. Interestingly, GnRHa-treated female rats exhibited increased TIMP1 expression, whereas male rats showed decreased TIMP1 expression. Overall, GnRHa puberty blocking leads to significantly increased liver injury in both sexes. Specifically, biological females are at increased risk of hepatic inflammation, while biological males are at increased risk of oxidative stress. Human clinical trials are crucial for further exploring these findings.

Rare-earth based frustrated magnets have attracted great attention as excellent candidates for magnetic refrigeration at sub-Kelvin temperatures, while the experimental identification of systems exhibiting both large volumetric cooling capacity and reduced working temperatures far below 1 K remains a challenge. Here, through ultra-low temperature magnetism and thermodynamic characterizations, we unveil the large magnetocaloric effect (MCE) realized at sub-Kelvin temperatures in the frustrated Kagome antiferromagnet Gd3BWO9 with T-N similar to 1.0 K. The isothermal magnetization curves indicate the existence of field (B) induced anisotropic magnetic phase diagrams, where four distinct magnetic phases for B||c-axis and five magnetic phases for B||ab-plane are identified at T < T-N. The analysis of magnetic entropy S(B,T) data and direct adiabatic demagnetization tests reveal remarkable cooling performance at sub-Kelvin temperatures featured by a large volumetric entropy density of 502.2 mJ/K/cm(3) and a low attainable minimal temperature T-min similar to 168 mK from the initial cooling condition of 2 K and 6 T, surpassing most Gd-based refrigerants previously documented in temperature ranges of 0.25-4 K. The realized T-min similar to 168 mK far below T-N similar to 1.0 K in Gd3BWO9 is related to the combined effects of magnetic frustration and criticality-enhanced MCE, which together leave substantial magnetic entropy at reduced temperatures by enhancing spin fluctuations.

We have investigated in-plane magnetotransport properties of trigonal layered PtBi2, which was proposed to be a triply degenerate semimetal. A remarkable planar Hall effect was observed in both PtBi(2 )bulk and nanoflake samples. We attribute the planar Hall effect in the bulk sample mainly to a chiral anomaly, manifested by the transport signatures of large negative longitudinal magnetoresistance and the quadratic field dependence of magnetoresistance for the field is parallel to and perpendicular to the current case, respectively. For PtBi(2 )nanoflake, however, further analysis suggests that the in-plane anisotropic orbital resistance rather than the chiral anomaly may play a dominant role on the planar Hall effect. Our results not only give insight into the electronic properties of chiral fermions in triply degenerate semimetal PtBi2, but also provide a promising platform for understanding the mechanism of the planar Hall effect.

Negative longitudinal magnetoresistivity (nLMR) induced by the chiral anomaly together with the weak antilocalization (WAL) due to the quantum interference can be regarded as remarkable magnetotransport signatures for three-dimension (3D) topological semimetals. Here, we report the observation of high-temperature competition between the chiral anomaly and WAL by magnetotransport measurements on high-quality Cd3As2 nanoplates under parallel electromagnetic fields. We find that, the WAL dominates the magnetotransport in the weak magnetic fields, which decreases gradually and ultimately vanishes at a critical temperature Tc. In contrast, the chiral anomaly is robust against temperature and can survive up to room temperature. This competition between the chiral anomaly and WAL can be understood in terms of Berry phase, accompanying with the low carrier density in Cd3As2 nanoplates. Our work would offer a better understanding of magnetotransport properties governed by Berry phase and the nature of electronic states in topological semimetals.

The semiconductor-type EuMnSb2 single crystal with an orthorhombic structure (space group Pnma, No.62) was synthesized using the Sn-flux method, and its physical properties were systematically investigated by magnetization, specific heat, and resistivity measurements. The magnetic and specific heat features reveal two successive antiferromagnetic (AFM) transitions exist separately at TN1 ~ 21K and TN2 ~ 9K, which have different responses to external magnetic field, and magnetic anisotropy is enhanced as the temperature is below TN1. When the magnetic field is about 1.7T and parallels the a-axis of the EuMnSb2 crystal, a spin-flop transition of the AFM order appears. Electronic transport measurements show that the single crystal of EuMnSb2 manifests semiconductor characteristic and magnetic field-induced semiconductor-to-metal transitions. In addition, we observe a colossal negative magnetoresistance for both in-plane and out-of-plane resistivity and two-fold period anisotropic magnetoresistance. Combining magnetic susceptibility, specific heat capacity and resistivity properties, we present a phase diagram which can be divided into AFM semiconductor, paramagnetic semiconductor and paramagnetic metal. These unique properties indicate that EuMnSb2 can provide a platform for investigating the interplay between magnetic order, and charge transport.

A sample of Y2.85Ca0.15Sn0.08Ti0.05Mn0.07Fe4.8O12 doped with four different ions was prepared using the solid method and a subsequent procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze the sample’s structural features, elemental distribution, and surface morphology. The study used the B-H magnetic characteristic analyzer and superconducting quantum interferometer magnetic performance measurement system to analyze the magnetic properties of Y2.85Ca0.15Sn0.08Ti0.05Mn0.07Fe4.8O12. The correlation becomes more surprising as the frequency increases, indicating a decrease in permeability when the magnetic field H reaches 200 A/m. Ion substitution leads to changes in magnetic crystal anisotropy, affecting permeability as the external magnetic field strength increases. We analyze the correlation between saturation magnetization and temperature in the 520–540 K range and explain the variation of saturation magnetization with temperature. The study shows that saturation magnetization decreases as temperature increases. This result suggests that saturation magnetization decreases as temperature increases. The increased super-exchange effect due to Ti and Mn occupying the (d) sites is much stronger than the reduced effect caused by Sn occupying the (a) sites. Therefore, the saturation magnetization of the Y2.85Ca0.15Sn0.08Ti0.05Mn0.07Fe4.8O12 sample is higher than that of the undoped sample. The Curie temperature (Tc) of the Y2.85Ca0.15Sn0.08Ti0.05Mn0.07Fe4.8O12 sample is lower than that of the undoped sample.

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in topological matter has emerged as a pivotal concept in describing phase transitions within condensed-matter physics. Of particular interest is the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition observed in two-dimensional superconductors. Here, we present comprehensive transport experiments on a nanoflake of the topological nodal-line semimetal SnTaS2 with a thickness of about 37 nm, revealing its hosting of a superconducting state with an onset transition temperature of 2.7 K. Temperature-dependent upper critical fields reveal an anisotropic superconductivity. Angle-dependent magnetotransport and the BKT transition confirm quasi-two-dimensional superconductivity in the SnTaS2 nanoflake. Given the presence of spin-polarized surface states in SnTaS2, these findings establish a novel platform for exploring topological superconductivity and Majorana modes.

Rydberg microwave (MW) sensors are superior to conventional antenna-based techniques because of their wide operating frequency range and outstanding potential sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate a Rydberg microwave receiver with a high sensitivity of 62 nV cm-1 Hz-1/2 and broad instantaneous bandwidth of up to +/- 10.2 MHz. Such excellent performance was achieved by the amplification of one generated sideband wave induced by the strong coupling field in the six-wave mixing process of the Rydberg superheterodyne receiver, which was well predicted by our theory. Our system, which possesses a uniquely enhanced instantaneous bandwidth and high-sensitivity features that can be improved further, will promote the application of Rydberg microwave electrometry in radar and communication.

A EuZnSb2 antiferromagnetic (AFM) semi metal with a P4/nmm space group (No. 129) is synthesized using the Sb-flux method. The magnetic properties, specific heat, and resistivity of the EuZnSb2 single crystals are analyzed. The magnetic and specific heat properties indicate an antiferromagnetic order of Eu2+ with TN 20 K. The magnetic field is observed to suppress the AFM transition of Eu2+ and the magnetic susceptibility vs. temperature curves exhibit differences when the magnetic field is applied along the ab-plane and c-axis of EuZnSb2 single crystal, reflecting a weak in-plane anisotropy of Eu2+. When the temperature is below 20 K, a spin‒flop transition of the AFM order appears at approximately 1.6 T. The electronic transport measurements indicate that a EuZnSb2 single crystal exhibits metallic properties and an extremely unsaturated positive MR effect. A twofold period of anisotropic magnetoresistance is observed, indicating that the resistivity characteristics correlate with the magnetic field intensity and the angle between the magnetic field direction and the crystallographic axis direction. These studies contribute to enriching the magnetic, specific thermal, and electrical transport properties of EuZnSb2. These results also provide valuable information for further research on other AFM materials.

>We systematically investigate in-plane transport properties of ternary chalcogenide Bi 2 Rh 3 Se 2 .Upon rotating the magnetic field within the plane of the sample,one can distinctly detect the presence of both planar Hall resistance and anisotropic longitudinal resistance,and the phenomena appeared are precisely described by the theoretical formulation of the planar Hall effect （PHE）.In addition,anisotropic orbital magnetoresistance rather than topologically nontrivial chiral anomalies dominates the PHE in Bi 2 Rh 3 Se 2 .The finding not only provides another platform for understanding the mechanism of PHE,but could also be beneficial for future planar Hall sensors based on two-dimensional materials.