AIMS:Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have renewed interest in antivirulence strategies. This study aimed to design, synthesize, and evaluate asymmetric di‑heterocyclic benzazole derivatives as antibiofilm agents targeting wall teichoic acid (WTA) biosynthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty‑one novel bis‑heterocyclic benzazole derivatives bearing an ethyl‑thio linker were synthesized and characterized. Antibacterial activity was determined by broth microdilution. Antibiofilm activity (inhibition and eradication) was assessed at sub‑minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub‑MICs) using crystal violet. Molecular docking and 200 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed against key WTA enzymes (TarGH, TarS, TarM, TarL, and TarJ). RESULTS:Compounds 18, 21, 23, and 24 showed potent antibacterial activity against methicillin‑susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA, with MIC values as low as 15.62 µg/mL. All selected compounds significantly inhibited biofilm at sub‑MIC levels. Compound 24 was most effective, with an MBIC50 of 3.90 µg/mL against MSSA and eradicated pre‑formed biofilms at 7.81 µg/mL. Docking and MD simulations revealed stable interactions of compounds 23 and 24 with TarGH and TarS, suggesting a WTA‑targeting mechanism. CONCLUSIONS:Di‑heterocyclic benzazole derivatives, especially compound 24, are promising scaffolds for antibiofilm agents against S. aureus. Our findings support further mechanistic and preclinical evaluation as potential antivirulence therapeutics.

The genus Vincetoxicum belongs to the family Apocynaceae, known for its medicinal properties. This study focuses on fatty acid, amino acid, sterol, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents; and antioxidant (by 2,-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthioazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) tests), antimicrobial, and antibiofilm potential of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria seeds growing wild in Turkey. Chromatographic methods were used for chemical analyses. The most abundant fatty acids were linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids (48.56

BACKGROUND:Chemokines and their receptors, which regulate lymphoid organ development and immune cell trafficking, are integral to the mechanisms underlying viral control, hepatic inflammation, and liver damage in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. This study explores the potential relationship between serum chemokine levels/polymorphisms and hepatitis C infection in affected individuals, with a particular focus on their utility as biomarkers across different stages of fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS:Serum levels of the chemokines CXCL11, CXCL12, and CXCL16 were measured in patients with mild/moderate and advanced fibrosis due to CHC, as well as in healthy controls, using the ELISA method. The CXCL12 rs1801157 and CXCL16 rs2277680 polymorphisms were analyzed in blood samples from patients and healthy controls through RT-qPCR. Serum levels of CXCL11, CXCL12, and CXCL16 were significantly elevated in patients with advanced fibrosis compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, CXCL11 levels were markedly higher in patients with advanced fibrosis than in those with mild/moderate fibrosis. The frequency of the CXCL12 rs1801157 AA genotype was significantly higher in the advanced fibrosis group compared to the healthy control group. Similarly, the CXCL16 rs2277680 GA genotype was significantly more prevalent in the advanced fibrosis group than in the mild/moderate fibrosis group. CONCLUSIONS:The current study highlights that, in addition to the potential association between chemokine levels/polymorphisms and an increased risk of disease complications and pathological progression in CHC infection, serum CXCL11 levels and the CXCL16 rs2277680 allel polymorphism may be important factors in determining the fibrosis stage of hepatitis C infection.

HCV NS3/4A protease is a crucial target for antiviral therapy, but resistance remains a significant challenge. Understanding substrate recognition is key to developing effective inhibitors. The aim of this study was to investigate four new compounds (10-12 and 13) that mimic natural substrate binding. Compound activities were determined with enzymatic assays and anti-proliferative activities were evaluated. Compound 12 exhibited the highest potency with an IC50 of 17.78 mu M and a Ki value of 16.39 mu M. All compounds demonstrated moderate to high anti-proliferative activity against HFF-1 and HepG2 cells, with 12 and 11 showing the most potent effects. In silico studies revealed that compounds 11 and 12 formed stable complexes with the HCV NS3/4A protease, establishing significant interactions with key residues of the catalytic triad. Their docking scores and molecular dynamics simulations were comparable to those of the reference molecule, simeprevir. These findings suggest that compounds 10-12 and 13 hold promise as potential therapeutic agents against HCV, warranting further investigation.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has reduced the efficacy of current antimicrobial therapies, emphasizing the need for new therapeutic agents. This study presents the design, synthesis, and evaluation of bisbenzimidazole-chalcone hybrid compounds as potential antimicrobial agents. These compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against eleven common pathogens, as well as their ability to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate preformed biofilms in Escherichia coli. Compounds EA1, EA3, EA4, and EA5 demonstrated antibacterial activity against E. coli comparable to ampicillin (31.25 mu g/mL) and outperformed the other tested compounds. Notably, EA4 and EA5 inhibited biofilm formation at sub-MIC concentrations and effectively eradicated preformed biofilms, as confirmed by the crystal violet assay. The synergistic effects of the most active compounds in combination with ampicillin were assessed using checkerboard synergy testing, with all combinations showing 'indifference' effects. Further analysis of the most potent compounds against E. coli ATCC 25,922 included the inhibition of DNA gyrase using E. coli DNA gyrase and a plasmid-based relaxed DNA kit. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to elucidate the binding modes and stability of these compounds within E. coli DNA gyrase enzymes. EA4 exhibited significant affinity for DNA gyrase B subunit (docking score: -4.026 kcal/mol, average RMSD value: 4.4 & Aring;), while EA5 displayed dual affinity for both DNA gyrase B subunit and DNA gyrase A subunit (docking scores: -6.944 and -3.432 kcal/mol, respectively), maintaining stable interactions in the active sites during simulations (average RMSD values of 3.2 & Aring; and 3.1 & Aring;). These results highlight the potential of bisbenzimidazole-chalcone hybrids as promising antibacterial agents, particularly in their dualtargeting capabilities against biofilm formation and DNA gyrase inhibition.

Antimicrobial resistance is a critical global health concern, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Nanosponges, porous and biocompatible nanostructures, are widely used to enhance antimicrobial agent efficacy, yet their direct antimicrobial potential in drug-free formulations remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of drug-free nanosponges synthesized via emulsion solvent evaporation and solvent methods. Nanosponges were tested against ten clinically relevant pathogens as well as their ability to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate preformed biofilms in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The drug-free nanosponges exhibited low-to-moderate antimicrobial activity against the common pathogens assessed in this study, while also demonstrating significant antibiofilm efficacy. Despite their negative zeta potential, nanosponges effectively disrupted biofilms, likely through electrostatic interactions and matrix penetration. Nanosponges with higher ethyl cellulose content and optimized β-cyclodextrin-to-diphenyl carbonate (β-CD:DPC) ratios exhibited enhanced biofilm inhibition. This study is the first to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of drug-free nanosponges synthesized via these methods, highlighting their potential as standalone antimicrobial agents. By reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics, drug-free nanosponges offer a promising approach for infection control and biofilm-related infections. These findings provide new insights into nanosponge-based antimicrobial strategies beyond drug delivery.

This study provides the first detailed evaluation of C. erecta latex, an uncharacterised exudate of the Apocynaceae family, focusing on its phytochemical composition and bioactivity. HPLC analysis revealed nine phenolic compounds, mainly sinapic acid (4876.2 µg/g), ferulic acid (902.6 µg/g), and epicatechin (386.5 µg/g). Although the total phenolic content was relatively low (2.27 ± 4.2 mg GAE/g), DPPH assay indicated moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 114 µg/mL), suggesting contributions from other bioactive constituents. Volatile profiling via HS-SPME-GC-MS and solvent-assisted GC-MS identified compounds such as p-cymene (14.05%), 2-hexanol (12.52%), and kaur-16-ene (72.06%). The latex exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts, with MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 250 µg/mL, showing higher effectiveness against Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata. Overall, the findings highlight C. erecta latex as a phenol- and terpenoid-rich natural product with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, supporting its traditional dermatological use and future pharmaceutical relevance.

Cumulative escalation in antibiotic-resistant pathogens necessitates the quest for novel antimicrobial agents, as current options continue to diminish bacterial resistance. Herein, we report the synthesis of di-heterocyclic benzazole structures (12-19) and their in vitro evaluation for some biological activities. Compounds 16 and 17 demonstrated potent antibacterial activity (MIC = 7.81 μg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus, along with significant anti-biofilm activity. Noteworthy is the capability of Compound 17 to inhibit biofilm formation by at least 50% at sub-MIC (3.90 μg/mL) concentration. Furthermore, both compounds exhibited the potential to inhibit preformed biofilm by at least 50% at the MIC concentration (7.81 μg/mL). Additionally, Compounds 16 and 17 were examined for cytotoxic effects in HFF-1 cells, using the MTT method, and screened for binding interactions within the active site of S. aureus DNA gyrase using in silico molecular docking technique, employing AutoDock 4.2.6 and Schrödinger Glidse programs. Overall, our findings highlight Compounds 16 and 17 as promising scaffolds warranting further optimization for the development of effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents.

Background: The aim of this study is to assess the antimicrobial and antibiofilm capabilities of Trigonella smyrnea Boiss. plant species. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of an ethanol-derived extract from the aerial parts, seeds and seed coat of Trigonella smyrnea were tested using the microdilution technique against 5 reference bacteria and three yeast strains. Additionally, the ability of the extracts to inhibit both biofilm formation and pre-formed biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed using the crystal violet method. Results: The utilized samples exhibited mild to moderate antimicrobial activity against the examined bacteria and yeasts, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 250 to 62.5 µg/mL. The aerial parts, seed and seed coat extracts inhibited biofilm formation by approximately 36%, 28%, 40% and 30%, 25%, 33% at MIC/2 and MIC/4 MIC, respectively. In addition, preformed biofilm inhibition rates of aerial parts, seed and seed coat extracts were MIC/2: 11%, 26%, 26%; MIC: 15%, 30%, 31% and in 2×MIC: 31%, 38%, 38%, respectively. Conclusion: Our data indicates that the extracts have mild to limited antimicrobial activity and moderate potential in combating biofilm formation. Especially when compared to seed extract, aerial parts and seed coat extracts showed better antibiofilm activity. In conclusion, although extracts of this species are promising in terms of antibiofilm activity, these findings should be supported by further study. Cite this article as: Uras Güngör ŞS, Öksüz Z, Assessment of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Trigonella smyrnea boiss. growing in Türkiye. Trends Pharm. 2024, 1, 13, doi: 10.5152/TrendsPharm.2024.23013

The fatty acid, sterol, and tocopherol compositions; amino acid content; and some biological activities of Vincetoxicum fuscatum subsp. fuscatum seeds were investigated for the first time. The seeds were rich in linoleic acid (41.33

The expression of miR-223-3p, miR-17-5p, and miR-24-3p was evaluated in hepatitis C virus (HCV) patient serum samples, collected before DAA treatment and after a sustained virological response (SVR). Fifty HCV patients were stratified based on their liver damage stages into three different subgroups (21 with chronic hepatitis—CH, 15 with cirrhosis, and 14 with hepatocellular carcinoma—HCC). Considering the entire HCV population, the miRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated after the SVR compared to pre-treatment ones (p < 0.05). Stratifying the patients based on liver damage, the post-SVR values of the three miRNAs were significantly downregulated compared to the pre-treatment levels for both cirrhosis and HCC patients. No significant differences emerged from the analysis of the CH group. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detail the behavior of miR-223-3p, miR-17-5p, and miR-24-3p levels in patients with HCV-related CH, cirrhosis, and HCC after DAA therapy. Our findings show that HCV-infected patients have different miRNA profiles before and after treatment with DAAs, strongly suggesting that miRNAs may be involved in the pathogenesis of HCV-related damage. In this respect, the correlation observed among the three studied miRNAs could imply that they share common pathways by which they contribute the progression of HCV-induced chronic liver damage.

The sterol, amino acid, mineral, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents, and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities of Salvia candidissima subsp. candidissima mericarps were investigated. The mericarps were collected in the province of Bayburt, Turkey. Gas chromatography was used for sterol analysis, Prominence ultra-fast liquid chromatography for amino acid analysis, and ICPMS for mineral analysis. Folin-Ciocalteu, Al(NO3)3, and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays were performed on ethanol extracts of the mericarps to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant potential, respectively. The ethanol and hexane extracts of the mericarps were tested for their antimicrobial activity against seven bacterial and three fungal strains using the microdilution method and for antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm using the crystal violet staining method. The sterol, amino acid, and mineral contents and antibiofilm activity of the mericarps were studied for the first time. The most abundant components of the mericarps are determined as ?-sitosterol (69.8%), glutamic acid (4895 mg/100 g), and potassium (11474 ?g/g). The results of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity were 3.47 ?g GAE/mg extract, 0.35 ?g QE/mg extract, and 79.79%, respectively. Both of the tested extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms, however, the efficiency of the extracts was not as strong as the reference drugs ampicillin and fluconazole. While both extracts were effective in preventing biofilm formation, the ethanol extract was found to be more effective than the hexane extract in preformed biofilm inhibition. In conclusion, S. candidissima subsp. candidissima mericarps have good nutritional potential with high amounts of amino acids, sterols (especially ?-sitosterol), minerals, and phenolics and flavonoids. Additionally, our findings provide important preliminary data for the literature in terms of the antibiofilm activity of Salvia candidissima subsp. candidissima mericarps.

Bu araştırmada, Trigonella mesopotamica Hub.-Mor. tohum, toprak üstü ve tohum kabuğu kısımlarından elde edilen etanol ekstrelerinin antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm aktivitelerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Antimikrobiyal aktivite, in vitro mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanılarak referans bakteri ve mantar suşları üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak, ekstrelerin P. aeruginosa'nın biyofilm oluşumunu engelleme ve önceden oluşturulmuş biyofilmi yok etme potansiyeli kristal viyole yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Ekstreler, referans antimikrobiyallerle karşılaştırıldığında test edilen bakteri ve mayalara karşı orta ila düşük antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermiştir. Ekstreler ayrıca biyofilm oluşumunu inhibe etme ve farklı minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonlarında (MIC) önceden oluşturulmuş biyofilmleri önleme potansiyeli göstermiştir. Tohum ve toprak üstü ekstrelerinin, tohum kabuğu ekstresine kıyasla daha iyi antibiyofilm aktivitesi gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Özellikle veriler göz önüne alındığında, toprak üstü ekstresinin sub-MIC'de biyofilm oluşumunu %50 oranında azaltması ilgi çekicidir. Bulgular, T. mesopotamica'nın farklı kısımlarının özellikle antibiyofilm aktivitesi gösterdiğini kanıtlamaktadır. Literatürde ilk kez bu çalışma ile T. mesopotamica'nın antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm aktivitesine ilişkin veriler sunulmuştur. Bu nedenle çalışmamız bu türle ilgili literatüre önemli ön veriler sağlamaktadır.

Abstract Biofilm-associated infections cause important health problems all over the world. Because of the resistance to antimicrobials and their possible side effects, researchers' attention has been focused on plant extracts and their components. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of Salvia microstegia Boiss. et Bal. mericarps. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract obtained from the mericarps was evaluated using the microdilution method against seven standard bacteria and three standard yeast strains. In addition, the effect of the extract on inhibiting biofilm formation and preformed biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined using the crystal violet method. The used extract showed moderate to low antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria and yeasts with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 62.5 to 250 µg/mL. Moreover, the extract's potential to inhibit preformed biofilms was found to be greater compared to its potential to inhibit biofilm formation. In conclusion, the tested extract obtained from Salvia microstegia mericarps showed antibiofilm potential, however, additional studies involving different strains are needed to reveal its antimicrobial potential in a more holistic perspective.

Although persistent sustained viral response rates are increased in hepatitis C infection following administration of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents, the pre-use predictive parameters of these antivirals and the clinical progression in patients post-treatment remain unknown. To obtain data pertaining to the predictive parameters prior to the use of ombitavir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + dasabuvir and the clinical progression in patients following antiviral treatment. The expression profiles of miR-223-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-24-3p, and TLR2 − 196 to − 174 del/ins polymorphisms from the blood/serum of 34 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients pre- and post-ombitavir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + dasabuvir treatment were determined by RT-qPCR. The expression levels of miR-17-5p (P < 0.001) and miR-24-3p (P = 0.011) were significantly downregulated post-treatment as compared with those pre-treatment; however, there was no significant difference between these two groups in terms of miR-223-3p expression. In addition, there was no significant difference in TLR2 genotype or allele distribution between pre-and post-treatment (P > 0.05); nevertheless, the TLR2 del allele was decreased post-treatment (16.2%) as compared with that pre-treatment (19.1%), although the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, a significant difference was found between the mRNA levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and HCV RNA pre-and post-treatment (P < 0.05). Further, miR-17-5p expression correlated with both ALT and AST mRNA levels post-treatment (P

ÖZGiriş: Kronik hepatit C, tüm dünyada yaygın sağlık sorunu olup siroz ve hepatosellüler karsinomun en önemli nedenlerinden biridir.Hepatit C virüsünün (HCV) birçok bulaş yolu olsa da en önemlisi damar içi uyuşturucu madde (DİUM) kullanımıdır.Bu çalışmada, damar içi uyuşturucu madde (DİUM) kullanan ve kullanmayan hepatit C hastalarında genotip ve genotipin HCV RNA, aminotransferazlar

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bazı türleri geleneksel olarak nevroz, sıtma, skrofula, uyuz, ateş, eksternal kanserler, incinme ve yara tedavisinde kullanılan Vincetoxicum cinsine ait iki taksonun (Vincetoxicum canescens subsp. pedunculata (VC) ve Vincetoxicum fuscatum subsp. fuscatum (VF)) tohumlarının antimikrobiyal, antibiyofilm aktiviteleri ve sinerjik etkilerini incelemektir.Yöntem: Öğütülmüş tohumlardan elde edilmiş etanollü ekstrelerin antimikrobiyal etkinlikleri mikrodilüsyon yöntemiyle 5 referans bakteri suşu (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae) ve 2 referans maya suşuna (Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis) karşı test edilmiştir. Ayrıca ekstrelerin P. aeruginosa’nın biyofilm oluşumunu inhibe etme ve oluşmuş biyofilm üzerine etkisi kristal viyole yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Biyofilm testleri ile minimum biyofilm inhibisyon konsantrasyonu (MBIC50) ve minimum biyofilm azaltma konsantrasyonu (MBRC50) belirlenmiştir. E.coli'ye karşı iki ekstre arasındaki sinerjik etkiyi değerlendirmek için ise mikrodilüsyon dama tahtası yöntemi kullanılmıştır.Bulgu: Ekstreler, test edilen bakteri ve mayaları 62,5–250 µg/mL minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonları (MİK) aralığında inhibe etmiştir. VF ve VC ekstrelerinin 0,5X ve 0,25X MİK'de biyofilm oluşumunu sırasıyla %47, %39 ve %50, %34 oranında inhibe ettiği ve iki ekstrenin MBIC50 değerinin 62,5 µg/mL olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ekstrelerin önceden oluşmuş biyofilmi 1X ve 2X MİK'de sırasıyla %54, %62 ve %56, %61 oranında inhibe ettiği ve MBRC50 değerinin 125 µg/mL olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dahası ekstrelerin E.coli'ye karşı aditif etki (FİK=0,62) gösterdikleri de tespit edilmiştir.Sonuç: Test edilen ekstreler orta ve düşük antimikrobiyal etki göstermekle birlikte hem biyofilm oluşumunu engelleme hem de oluşmuş biyofilmi ortadan kaldırmada iyi etkinliğe sahiptir.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antibiofilm activities and synergistic effects of ethanol extracts obtained from above-ground, root, seed and seed coat of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic. Antimicrobial activity was performed against 7 bacterial and 3 fungal standard strains by microdilution method and minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) were determined. The crystal violet method was applied to determine the prevention of biofilm formation and inhibition of preformed biofilm activities on P. aeruginosa biofilm. In addition, the synergistic effects of aerial part and seed extracts against both E. coli and E. faecalis were examined by the microdilution checkerboard method. According to the antimicrobial test results tested extracts had moderate to low efficacy against studied bacterial and yeast strains. The synergy test showed that the aerial and seed extracts had additive effect against both E. coli and E. faecalis. The extracts also showed the potential to inhibit biofilm formation and inhibit preformed biofilms. Root and seed pod extracts showed the strongest antibiofilm activity, while the aerial part extract was the weakest. In conclusion, our results prove that the tested extracts, especially obtained from root and seed pods and used in the treatment of many diseases, have potential in terms of antibiofilm activity. The literature search indicated that the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of V. hirundinaria was evaluated for the first time in the current study, therefore; our findings provide important preliminary data to the literature in terms of antibiofilm activity of V. hirundinaria

Introduction: Chronic hepatitis C is an important health problem all over the world and is one of the most important causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although there are many ways of transmission of HCV, the most important one is intravenous drug use (IVDU). In this study, it was aimed to determine the possible relationship between genotype and genotype with HCV RNA and aminotransferases in hepatitis C patients who intravenous drug use (IVDU) and non-IVDU. Materials and Methods: A total of 179 patients who used 101 IVDU and not used 78 IVDU were included in the study diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Serological parameters were determined by ELISA method. Viral load determination was performed by real time polymerise chain reaction (RT-PCR). Reverse hybridization line probe assay method was used to determine HCV genotypes. Results: HCV 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4 subtypes/genotypes were detected in patients. HCV 1 a (34.6%) was determined as the common subtype in hepatitis C patients IVDU, while hepatitis C patients who non-IVDU, 1 b (80.7%) was determined as the most common subtype. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) between hepatitis C patients IVDU and non-IVDU (p = 0.004), but no significant difference was found in terms of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and HCV RNA (p> 0.05). The mean of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.004), however, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and HCV RNA (p> 0.05). While there was no difference in terms of HCV RNA averages between subtypes /genotypes (1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4) detected in total hepatitis C patients, statistically significant difference in terms of ALT/AST averages was found between genotype 3 and subtype 1a, 1b and genotype 4 and also between genotype 2 and 4 (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Our data show that hepatitis C patients IVDU carry different genotypes compared to the non-IVDU patient population. In addition, it was found that in these patient groups, inflammation was more in those infected with genotype 3. Although these findings contain preliminary data to guide clinicians in determining the treatment strategy of hepatitis C infection, they should be supported by further studies involving more patient groups.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Trigonella cylindracea Desv. türünün tohum, toprak üstü ve tohum kabuğu kısımlarından hazırlanan etanol ekstrelerinin antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm aktivitelerinin araştırılmasıdır. Antimikrobiyal aktivite, standart mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanılarak beş referans bakteri ve üç referans fungal suş üzerinde yapıldı. Ek olarak, ekstrenin P. aeruginosa'nın biyofilm oluşumunu inhibe etme ve önceden oluşturulmuş biyofilmi yok etme potansiyeli kristal viyole yöntemi kullanılarak belirlendi. Etanollü ekstrelerin çalışmaya dahil edilen mayalar üzerinde (125-62.5 µg/mL) antimikrobiyal etkinliği bakterilere (250-125 µg/mL) kıyasla daha iyi bulunsa da genel olarak orta ve düşük antimikrobiyal aktivite gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Biyofilm testleri tohum kabuğu ekstresinin sub-MİK’de (0.5X) biyofilm oluşumunu %50 oranında azaltabildiğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca tohum ve tohum kabuğu ekstrelerinin önceden oluşmuş biyofilmi MİK’in üzerinde (2X) %50 oranında azaltabildiği de belirlendi. Sonuç olarak bulgularımız, T. cylindracea’nin farklı kısımlarından elde edilen etanollü ekstrelerin antimikrobiyal potansiyellerinin düşük/orta olmasına rağmen antibiyofilm potansiyelinin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Literatür taraması T. cylindracea türünün antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm potansiyelinin ilk defa bu çalışmada araştırıldığını göstermiştir. Bu nedenle bulgularımız bu türün antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm aktivitesi ile ilgili literatüre önemli ön veriler sağlamaktadır.