目的:基于自我决定理论探讨大学生目标内容、基本心理需要满足和幸福感之间的关系.方法:采用欲望指数量表、大学生基本心理需要量表、生活满意度量表、主观活力量表和积极消极情感量表对796名大学生进行调查.结果:①大学生内在目标追求正向预测幸福感(β=0.46,P＜0.001);②基本心理需要满足在大学生内在目标追求与幸福感的关系间起部分中介作用,中介效应值为0.34(95％CI.0.22,0.45),中介效应占总效应的72.5％;③大学生外在目标追求负向预测幸福感(β=-o.13,P=0.010),与基本心理需要满足不相关.结论:不同目标内容对幸福感的影响机制不同,大学生内在目标追求不仅可以直接影响幸福感,还通过基本心理需要满足影响幸福感;而大学生外在目标追求直接影响幸福感.

目的 调查武汉市甲基苯丙胺依赖患者操守自我效能状况及其相关因素.方法 抽取武汉市479名甲基苯丙胺依赖患者,采用戒毒信心量表评价其操守自我效能,采用多元线性回归模型分析操守自我效能的相关因素.结果 武汉市甲基苯丙胺依赖患者的操守自我效能得分为(74.5±12.4)分;多元线性回归分析结果显示,甲基苯丙胺依赖患者操守自我效能与其文化程度呈正相关,与其毒品使用时长呈负相关.结论 文化程度与毒品使用时长是甲基苯丙胺依赖患者操守自我效能的相关因素,提示在今后的复吸预防工作对于文化程度较低、吸毒时间较长的患者应予以关注,以帮助其提高自我效能.

目的:调查武汉市甲基苯丙胺依赖患者的戒毒意向,并分析其相关因素.方法:在武汉市2所强制隔离戒毒所中随机抽取甲基苯丙胺依赖患者488例,采用自编一般资料问卷、戒毒意向标尺、渴求视觉模拟评分、成瘾记忆强度量表和激惹-抑郁-焦虑量表进行调查,采用多元线性回归模型分析患者戒毒意向的相关因素.结果:甲基苯丙胺依赖患者的戒毒意向标尺得分为(6.2±2.1)分.多元线性回归分析结果显示,甲基苯丙胺依赖患者的戒毒意向标尺得分与其就业状况呈正相关,全职就业者的戒毒意向标尺得分高于无业者(β=0.60,P=0.013);其与渴求视觉模拟评分之间则呈负相关(β=-0.49,P=0.010).结论:甲基苯丙胺依赖患者的戒毒意向与其就业状况和渴求程度相关,在戒毒矫治工作中应对患者的就业帮扶问题予以关注,并积极采用相关干预策略帮助患者降低毒品渴求,以提高其戒毒意向.

To understand the prevalence of and factors associated with club drug use among Chinese secondary vocational students, a nationally representative survey was conducted. The multistage cluster sampling strategy was employed to select participants. A total of 9469 students from eleven secondary vocational schools in five cities completed self-reported questionnaires, which included information on club drug use, sociodemographic variables, individual factors, as well as peer and family related factors. The data were separately analyzed with Poisson regression models for female and male students. The overall lifetime prevalence of club drug use was 2.7% (258/9469), and male students had higher prevalence than female students (3.5% vs. 1.9%, p < 0.001). Female and male students shared four risk factors (i.e., having ever smoked, perceiving social benefit expectancies, peer drug using and perceiving peer’s approval of drug use) and one protective factor (i.e., having medium or high levels of refusal skills) for club drug use. Moreover, family drug using and having a part-time job were two additionally independent risk factors for club drug use among male students. These findings indicate that the problem of club drug use among Chinese secondary vocational students is worthy of attention. The prevention of club drug use should address multiple risks and protective factors on individual, peer and family levels.

目的:探讨“五步脱敏疗法”对成瘾患者渴求、线索敏感及成瘾记忆的影响.方法:在湖北省武汉市3所自愿戒毒医院中招募39名甲基苯丙胺依赖患者,随机分配入干预组和对照组.干预组接受连续5天,每天90分钟的“五步脱敏”治疗,在此期间对照组不干预.分别采用“渴求视觉模拟标尺”(VAS)、“线索敏感问卷”(CSQ)和“成瘾记忆强度量表”(AMIS)对患者的渴求、毒品相关线索敏感性及成瘾记忆强度进行测试.结果:研究对象的VAS得分变化存在组别和时间的交互效应(P=0.005),CSQ和AMIS得分变化均存在组别效应(P＜0.05).接受干预后,干预组各测量指标得分均低于对照组.结论:“五步脱敏”治疗可有效降低成瘾患者的渴求水平、对毒品相关线索的敏感程度及其成瘾记忆强度.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">目的:探讨融眼动脱敏与再加工（EMDR）、内观、催眠、神经语言程式（NLP）及正面信念植入为一体的综合心理疗法-五步脱敏疗法对甲基苯丙胺依赖患者成瘾记忆及自尊水平的影响。方法:采用随机对照试验设计,选取5所强制戒毒机构内甲基苯丙胺依赖患者128例,随机分为脱敏组（n=65）和常规对照组（n=63）。对照组只接受常规戒毒康复训练,脱敏组在此基础上接受连续5天,每天90分钟的五步脱敏治疗。采用成瘾记忆强度量表（AMIS）和Rosenberg自尊量表（RSES）进行测评。结果:纳入分析的有效样本共116例。其中,脱敏组57例,对照组59例。脱敏组的AMIS得分下降水平优于对照组（P&lt;0.001,Cohen’s d=0.67）,RSES得分升高水平优于对照组（P&lt;0.05,Cohen’s d=0.41）。结论:五步脱敏疗法能有效降低甲基苯丙胺依赖患者的成瘾记忆强度,提高其自尊水平。</span>

BACKGROUND:Adolescents are the primary target population for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. The objective of this study is to explore the acceptability of HPV vaccines and evaluate factors related to willingness to be vaccinated among Chinese adolescents.METHODS:A nation-wide survey was conducted across 14 schools in mainland China. The questionnaire consisted of questions relating to socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of adolescent sexual health, cervical cancer, HPV and HPV-related disease, and students' willingness to be vaccinated. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were conducted in the data analysis.RESULTS:A total of 4,062 students participated in this study. Among them, only 17.1% of students reported having heard of HPV vaccines; however, 67.3% were willing to receive the HPV vaccine. Multivariable regression analysis showed that students who were from rural areas, have received sexual health education, have heard of cervical cancer or HPV vaccine, have a positive attitude toward vaccination, reported they were at the risk of developing cervical cancer, and those who value their parents' and teachers' opinions were more willing to receive HPV vaccination.CONCLUSIONS:Awareness about the HPV vaccine is low among Chinese adolescents. The factors that most related to willingness to vaccinate among Chinese adolescents were school location, education about vaccination, HPV, and HPV vaccines. Integrating health education on HPV vaccination into existing school-based sexual health curricula may be an effective way to increase HPV vaccination coverage in mainland China.

目的:编制适用于新型毒品依赖患者的社会适应量表,并检验其信效度.方法:从个体、家庭、社会三个层面进行量表构念设计.以武汉市强制隔离戒毒机构中的新型毒品依赖患者作为量表施测对象,分别进行量表初测(n=82)和正式施测(n=288).采用初测样本数据进行条目分析,采用正式施测样本数据进行探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析、相关分析和信度分析.结果:修订形成的新型毒品依赖患者社会适应评估量表共有17个条目,包括“个体心理适应”、“对家庭环境的适应”、“对社会环境的适应”3个因子,累计解释总方差的57.59％.量表的三因子结构模型拟合良好(x2/df=1.331,CFI=0.962,NNFI=0.952,SRMR=0.078,RMSEA=0.048).量表及各因子得分与成功戒毒信心量表得分、心理韧性量表得分之间均呈正相关,相关系数均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.848,重测信度系数为0.841;各因子的Cronbach α系数为0.644～0.856,重测信度系数为0.702～0.784.结论:新型毒品依赖患者社会适应评估量表具有良好的信效度,可用于测量新型毒品依赖患者的社会适应水平.

Background: Middle school students are recommended as the primary target population for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. This study aimed to assess HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge, and to evaluate the effect of a school-based educational intervention, immediately and one year later, on HPV knowledge and vaccine acceptability among adolescents in mainland China. Methods: A school-based interventional follow-up study was conducted in seven representative cities in mainland China from May 2015 to May 2017. "Train-the-trainer" strategy was employed to educate school teachers in this study. Students aged 13 to 14 years old were assigned to intervention classes and control classes. All students were required to complete the baseline questionnaire. Students in the intervention classes were given a 45-minute lecture regarding HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge and were then asked to complete a post-education questionnaire. One year later, all students were asked to complete the post-education questionnaire again. Results: Baseline HPV knowledge was low among Chinese adolescents, with only 12.6% and 15.7% of students having heard of HPV and HPV vaccines, respectively. After the intervention, the level of HPV-related knowledge increased immediately, and students with higher knowledge levels of HPV and HPV vaccines were more willing to get vaccinated. One year after the intervention, the knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccines was dramatically diminished. However, knowledge was significantly higher in intervention classes compared to control classes. Conclusions: Knowledge and awareness of HPV and vaccination are generally deficient among Chinese adolescents. School-based health education was very effective in improving awareness and positive attitudes about HPV and HPV vaccines within a short time. Integrating health education on HPV into the existing school-based sexual health curriculum could be an effective way to increase HPV vaccination coverage and help to eliminate preventable HPV-associated cancers in China. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

目的:探讨基于萨提亚和情绪取向的综合家庭治疗在甲基苯丙胺依赖患者心理及社会功能康复方面的应用效果.方法:采用随机对照试验设计,将纳入研究的80名戒毒康复人员随机分配入干预组(n=40)和对照组(n=40).干预组接受萨提亚与情绪取向家庭治疗(共8次,每次2.5小时),对照组接受认知行为干预.干预前后采用激惹及抑郁和焦虑自评量表、正性负性情绪量表、戒毒信心量表和新型毒品依赖患者社会适应评估量表进行测量.采用协方差分析对干预效果进行评价.结果:接受干预后,干预组的抑郁分量表得分低于对照组(P=0.013),正性情绪分量表(P=0.007)、戒毒信心量表(P=0.001)和新型毒品依赖患者社会适应评估量表(P=0.004)得分均高于对照组.结论:基于萨提亚和情绪取向的综合家庭治疗可有效改善甲基苯丙胺依赖患者的抑郁症状,强化其正性情绪,提高其戒毒信心和社会适应水平.

目的:探讨团体家庭治疗在提高新型毒品依赖患者心理正能量方面的作用.方法:在武汉市2所强制隔离戒毒机构中选取40名新型毒品依赖患者,对其进行团体家庭治疗(共5次,每次2.5小时).团体家庭治疗内容包括关系建立、萨提亚家庭治疗和小物件家庭系统排列.研究过程中分别让患者对自我感觉进行绘画,并对绘画作品的正能量进行自我评估.结果:新型毒品依赖患者的三次自我感觉绘画作品正能量评分分别为(52.4±24.3)、(71.5±14.3)与(90.8±9.3)分,各时点观测值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论:团体家庭治疗可提高新型毒品依赖患者的心理正能量.

目的:编制《戒毒患者主观家庭支持量表》,并对其信效度进行检验.方法:通过查阅文献、专家咨询等方法构建条目池,形成《戒毒患者主观家庭支持量表》初稿.以武汉市314名戒毒患者为量表初测对象,对获取数据进行条目分析和筛选.以武汉市和中山市共931名戒毒患者为量表正式施测对象,对获取数据进行量表效度和信度检验.结果:经过条目筛选形成的《戒毒患者主观家庭支持量表》为单维度结构,共有11个条目,方差贡献率为68.56％.量表得分与家庭关怀度指数问卷得分呈正相关(r=0.523,P＜0.001).不同人口学与毒品使用特征的研究对象的量表得分差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).量表的Cronbach α系数为0.954,重测信度为0.772.结论:《戒毒患者主观家庭支持量表》具有良好的信效度,符合心理测量学要求,可作为测量戒毒患者主观家庭支持程度的有效工具.

Aggression is one of the symptoms of methamphetamine (MA) use and withdrawal, which can exacerbate MA addiction and relapse. Many studies have demonstrated that poor sleep is significantly associated with aggression. Melatonin has been indicated to be effective in treating sleep disorders induced by MA, and it can also protect neuronal cells against MA-induced neurotoxicity. However, the underlying effects of melatonin on MA-reduced aggression remain unclarified. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on acute MA-induced aggressive behavior in male ICR mice and the effects on neurotransmitters related to aggression. Fifty male ICR mice were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups pretreated with MA (3 mg/kg) or melatonin (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) plus MA. Aggressive behaviors were observed through isolation-induced aggression in the resident-intruder model. High-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) was used to anatomize the levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in the hippocampus involved in behavior processing. The results showed that acute MA administration decreased latency to initial attacks and thereby increased the number and total duration of attacks. Furthermore, HVA level as well as 5-HIAA and 5-HT turnover estimated by 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios declined compared to those in the vehicle group. The medium melatonin pretreatment dose (5 mg/kg) could significantly reverse acute MA-induced aggressive behavior in the form of prolonging latency to initial attacks and thereby attenuating the number of attacks and total duration of attacks. HVA and 5-HIAA levels, 5-HT turnover estimated by 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios, and DA turnover estimated by HVA/DA ratios and (DOPAC + HVA)/DA ratios were elevated compared to those in the MA group. These results indicate that the DA and 5-HT systems are involved in the processes of MA-induced aggressive behaviors and that melatonin has the capacity to reverse MA-induced aggressive behaviors.

目的:探讨成瘾患者的渴求与自我效能的关系,并检验应对方式在两者之间可能产生的中介效应和调节效应.方法:选取湖北省和广东省5所强制隔离戒毒机构中的488名海洛因成瘾患者,采用视觉模拟量尺、戒毒技能评估量表和戒毒信心量表分别对其渴求、应对方式和操守自我效能进行测评,采用结构方程模型进行中介效应和调节效应分析.结果:渴求、应对方式、操守自我效能之间两两显著相关;渴求与操守自我效能之间的直接效应显著(β=-0.24,P＜0.001),应对方式在渴求与操守自我效能之间具有部分中介效应(γ=-0.05,P=0.041).结论:成瘾患者的渴求水平可直接预测其操守自我效能,也可通过应对方式间接预测其操守自我效能.

The high rate of relapse among heroin users remains a significant public concern in China. In the present study, we utilized a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy (MSDE) intervention and evaluated its effects on abstinence and mental health. Eighty-nine male heroin users in a drug rehabilitation center were enrolled in the study. The participants in the MSDE intervention group (n=46) received MSDE intervention, which included motivational interviewing, coping skills training, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and mindfulness-based psychotherapy. The participants in the control group (n=43) received a series of lectures on skills training. A significant increase in Contemplation Ladder score (P<0.001) and decreases in scores on the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (P<0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (P<0.001), and Aggression Questionnaire (P=0.033) were found immediately after intervention. Compared to the control group, the MSDE intervention group reported significantly higher abstinence rates (P=0.027) and retention rates (P<0.001) at follow-up. Overall, the MSDE intervention, which uses a combined strategy for relapse prevention, could be a promising approach for preventing relapse among heroin users in China.

Disrupting the process of memory reconsolidation could be a promising treatment for addiction. However, its application may be constrained by the intensity of addiction memory. This study aimed to develop and initially validate a new measure, the Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (AMIS), for assessing the intensity of addiction memory in illicit drug users. Two studies were conducted in China for item analysis (n = 345) and initial validation (n = 1550) of the AMIS. The nine-item AMIS was found to have two factors (labelled Visual Clarity and Other Sensory Intensity), which accounted for 64.11% of the total variance. The two-factor structure provided a reasonable fit for sample data and was invariant across groups of different genders and different primary drugs of use. Significant correlations were found between scores on the AMIS and the measures of craving. The AMIS and its factors showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.72⁻0.89) and test-retest reliability (r: 0.72⁻0.80). These results suggest that the AMIS, which demonstrates an advantage as it is brief and easy to administer, is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the intensity of addiction memory in illicit drug users, and has the potential to be useful in future clinical research.

Objective This study aims to understand the knowledge of AIDS ,behavior ,and utilization of interven-tion services of traditional drug abusers and new-type drug abusers ,thus to provide evidence for prevention and con-trol of AIDS.Methods Purposive sampling method was used to collect 401 drug abusers in the mandatory detoxifi-cation center in Xiamen throughout 2015 and detected the infection of HIV ,syphilis ,and HCV among them. A ques-tionnaire survey was conducted to investigate demographic information ,behavior and AIDS awareness ,and then to compare the differences between traditional drug abusers and new-type drug abusers.Results There were significant differences in age ,household registration ,and residence time ,the proportion of injecting drug use ,knowledge of AIDS and utilization of intervention services between the two groups (P＜0.05). The positive rate of HCV test in traditional drug abusers was significantly higher than that among new-type drug abusers(63.60% vs.32.10%,P＜0.001).Conclusion AIDS awareness of drug abusers has yet to be improved. There were few injecting drug users a-mong new-type drug users. Health education protocols and interventions for new-type drug abusers should be worked out.

Objective:To understand the status of education on drug prevention among secondary vocational school students (SVSS),and to explore the demand and its influence factors.Methods:Multistage cluster sampling was employed to select participants from four cities all over China,yielding a sample of 1331.A self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the students about the status as well as the demand of education on drug prevention.Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to explore the influence factors of demand of education.Results:84.5 ％ of the SVSS reported participation in drug prevention education and 86.8％ of them expressed their demand for the education.Results of multinomial logistic regression showed that the influence factors of demand for drug-related knowledge were the participation in drug prevention courses or other forms of education.Besides,not only the participation in drug prevention courses or other form of education but also the gender influenced their recognition of the necessity of drug prevention education.For SVSS,newspapers,books and Internet have become the major and the most popular way to get to the knowledge of drugs.They also expected that the education could be conducted through posters or movies.Cornclusion:The education on drug prevention has not yet reached all the SVSS and thus the promotion of the education should be conducted while more varied and acceptable ways of education should be adopted to meet the demand of SVSS.

Objective To analyze the present situation of HIV infection with out-bound crews of Xiamen and statistics the related knowledge about the resuhs.Methods Selected 2013-01-01/2013-01-01 Xiamen out-bound crews of 512 HIV/AIDS serological and behavioral monitoring data as the research object.Behavioral monitoring included to collect the basic characteristics,inject of drugs,sharing syringes,condom use and other certain high-risk behaviors,venous blood collection used two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HIV antibodies,two tests were all positive judgments for HIV antibody positive.Results Out -bound crews' physical fitness are good,sexually active age,college graduated,but the traditional moral concepts in sexual behavior,self-discipline on the demands of psychological are poor,total HIV antibody positive rate was 4.49％,the positive rate of hepatitis B surface antigen was 4.49％;the positive rate of HCV antibody was 0.20％;the positive rate of syphilis antibody was 0.39％.Conclusion The awareness of AIDS among the out-bound crews of Xiamen city is incomplete,the attitude and behavior are the risk factors that lead to the spread of AIDS,and the health intervention on AIDS should be carried out as soon as possible.

Objective To investigate the quality of life and influencing factors of functional dyspepsia(FD) in different subtypes.Methods Two hundred and ten patients with FD were divided into postprandial distress syndrome (PDS),epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) and overlapping (PDS + EPS).SF-36 quality of life questionnaire(SF-36),Hamilton depression scale(HAMD),Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA),the Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the life event scale (LES) were used in the three groups.Results ①There was no significant difference in physiological function (PF)or role physical (RP) among the three groups;the body pain(BP),general health(GH),vitality(VT),social function (SF),role Emotional (RE),mental health (MH),physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) in patients with PDS + EPS were lower than those of patients with PDS or EPS.The VT and MH,PDS were higher than those of EPS.There was no significant difference among the rest of the dimension between PDS and EPS.②)PCS and MCS in three subtypes,the influencing factors were Somatic anxiety factor.In the PCS,the influencing factor was PDS with sleep disturbance factor.In the MCS,the influencing factors were PDS with Sleep disturbance factor and L,EPS with sleep disturbance factor and E,PDS + EPS with N.Conclusions There are significant differences in the quality of life among the three subtypes of FD patients.Different psychological intervention and treatment should be taken according to different subtypes of patients,in order to cure disease and improve their quality of lives.