Objective:To understand the status of education on drug prevention among secondary vocational school students (SVSS),and to explore the demand and its influence factors.Methods:Multistage cluster sampling was employed to select participants from four cities all over China,yielding a sample of 1331.A self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the students about the status as well as the demand of education on drug prevention.Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to explore the influence factors of demand of education.Results:84.5 ％ of the SVSS reported participation in drug prevention education and 86.8％ of them expressed their demand for the education.Results of multinomial logistic regression showed that the influence factors of demand for drug-related knowledge were the participation in drug prevention courses or other forms of education.Besides,not only the participation in drug prevention courses or other form of education but also the gender influenced their recognition of the necessity of drug prevention education.For SVSS,newspapers,books and Internet have become the major and the most popular way to get to the knowledge of drugs.They also expected that the education could be conducted through posters or movies.Cornclusion:The education on drug prevention has not yet reached all the SVSS and thus the promotion of the education should be conducted while more varied and acceptable ways of education should be adopted to meet the demand of SVSS.

Objective To investigate the relationship among depression, anxiety, stress and addictive substance use behavior in secondary vocational students. Methods Cluster sampling method and the Adolescent Health-related Behaviors Questionnaire were used to collect demographic characteristics, psychological symptoms, and addictive substance usage among 5935 students in nine vocational schools in Chongqing, Zhaoqing, Ningbo, and Taiyuan. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the addictive substance use behavior and psychological factors. Results The detection rates of depression, anxiety and stress were 46.5% (n=2762), 58.7% (n=3483), and 29.8%( n=1770), respectively. The prevalence of addictive substances was 74.8% (n=4440), traditional drugs was 0.8% (n=50), new drugs was 2.8% (n=166), other addictive drugs was 4.1% (n=241). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the normal psychological states of secondary vocational students, the OR value of mild depression tendency alcohol and tobacco use behavior of secondary vocational students was 1.45; the OR values of mild anxiety, moderate anxiety, severe anxiety and very&nbsp;serious anxiety were 1.46, 1.46, 1.71, and 1.83, respectively;the traditional drugs use behaviors were 5.51, and 2.61, respectively, for the severe anxiety and very serious anxiety. Compared with the normal psychological state of secondary vocational students, the OR values of the severe anxiety and very severe anxiety were 2.56, and 2.66, respectively, for severe anxiety and very serious anxiety. Compared with normal psychological status of secondary vocational students, the OR values of mild, moderate, severe, and very severe anxiety were 2.14, 2.47, 2.39, and 3.45, respectively;all P values<0.05. Conclusion Anxiety and mild depression were risk factors of tobacco and alcohol use in secondary vocational students; severe and above anxiety were the risk factors of drug use in secondary vocational students;anxiety was the risk factor for other addictive drug use in secondary vocational students.

Objective:To explore the relation of new-type drug using intention,self-efficacy,and perceived stress in secondary vocational school students.Methods:A total of 2692 secondary vocational school students in Zhaoqing,Guangdong Province were selected.The questionnaire of new-type drugs using intention,General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES),and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were respectively used to assess the secondary vocational school students'new-type drugs using intention,self-efficacy,and perceived stress.Path analysis model was used to analyze the relationship of new-type drugs using intention,self-efficacy,and perceived stress among secondary vocational school students.Results:There were 13.6％ (295/2165) of the secondary vocational school students reported an intention to use new-type drugs.The total scores of GSES and PSS were (2.4 ±0.5) and (18.8 ±5.0),respectively.The results of path analysis showed that,after controlling for age,gender,and residence,the scores of GSES were negatively correlated with the scores of PSS (γ =-0.21,P ＜0.001),and the scores of PSS were positively correlated with the scores of questionnaire of new-type drugs using intention (γ =0.05,P ＜ 0.05).However,the scores of GSES showed no significant direct correlation with the scores of questionnaire of new-type drugs using intention (γ =0.04,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:The secondary vocational school students' level of perceived stress are positively correlated with their intention to use new-type drugs.Self-efficacy might moderate the individual's level of perceived stress,thus to show indirect correlation to the secondary vocational school students' intention.

目的:报告中职学生毒品预防教育干预试验的过程评价相关结果.方法:干预组接受8次1小时的“快乐成功技能课堂”学习,由课程开发人员采用互动式教学授课.干预过程中,经过统一培训的观察员对每一堂课进行评价;干预结束后422名学生完成课程评价调查问卷.采用SPSS 20.0对评价内容进行描述性统计分析.结果:课程覆盖率在78.9％ ～ 97.7％间,课程完成度在73.0％～ 95.6％间,课堂过程、课程实施质量及学生接受度评价条目得分几乎均超过5分(最高7分),学生对课程的平均喜欢程度均超过7分(最高10分),对教师授课技能评价的平均分均超过6分(最高7分),80.3％的学生认为课程的主题和活动是有益的.结论:干预方案的实施保真度高,观察员和学生的评价均较好,说明干预方案具有良好的切题性、适宜性和可操作性.

Objective: To investigate the relationship among depression, anxiety, stress and addictive substance use behavior in secondary vocational students. Methods: Cluster sampling method and the Adolescent Health-related Behaviors Questionnaire were used to collect demographic characteristics, psychological symptoms, and addictive substance usage among 5 935 students in nine vocational schools in Chongqing, Zhaoqing, Ningbo, and Taiyuan. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the addictive substance use behavior and psychological factors. Results: The detection rates of depression, anxiety and stress were 46.5% (n=2 762), 58.7% (n=3 483), and 29.8% (n= 1 770), respectively. The prevalence of addictive substances was 74.8% (n=4 440), traditional drugs was 0.8% (n=50), new drugs was 2.8% (n=166), other addictive drugs was 4.1% (n=241). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the normal psychological states of secondary vocational students, the OR value of mild depression tendency alcohol and tobacco use behavior of secondary vocational students was 1.45; the OR values of mild anxiety, moderate anxiety, severe anxiety and very serious anxiety were 1.46, 1.46, 1.71, and 1.83, respectively; the traditional drugs use behaviors were 5.51, and 2.61, respectively, for the severe anxiety and very serious anxiety. Compared with the normal psychological state of secondary vocational students, the OR values of the severe anxiety and very severe anxiety were 2.56, and 2.66, respectively, for severe anxiety and very serious anxiety. Compared with normal psychological status of secondary vocational students, the OR values of mild, moderate, severe, and very severe anxiety were 2.14, 2.47, 2.39, and 3.45, respectively; all P values <0.05. Conclusion: Anxiety and mild depression were risk factors of tobacco and alcohol use in secondary vocational students; severe and above anxiety were the risk factors of drug use in secondary vocational students; anxiety was the risk factor for other addictive drug use in secondary vocational students.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and cognition status of ATS and ketamine abusers in compulsory rehabilitation centers.Methods:Using the self-developed synthetic drug abuse questionnaire,the total of 486 ATS and ketamine abusers in seven compulsory rehabilitation centers in Wuhan was investigated to analyze the ATS and ketamine abusers' relative characteristics.Results:(1) In the population of ATS and ketamine abusers in Wuhan compulsory rehabilitation centers,male accounted for 89.71％,21 to 30-year-old persons accounted for 43.83％,unemployed persons accounted for 70.16％ and unmarried persons accounted for 48.77％.(2) Only 36.62％ of patients have a correct understanding of synthetic drugs.(3) The first three reasons for patients' first drug use were:"curiosity","influence or stimulation from friends","boring".Conclusions:(1) Young,unemployed and unmarried are the high risk population characteristics of ATS and ketamine abuse.Synthetic drug prevention efforts should focus on these people.(2) The lack of drug hazard awareness suggest that we should strengthen the drug prevention education,enhance their drug hazard cognition level,reduce their curiosity of drug and improve their drug resistance skills so that they could prevent drug abuse effectively.

目的:了解学员对全国药物成瘾多维度心理干预(动机-技能-脱敏-心理能量模式)培训内容、方式、实用性的满意度,为制定提高培训效果的方案提供依据.方法:采用自填式问卷调查方法,收集到同济医学院承办的三期培训班中89名学员对培训授课内容、方式、实用性三方面的评价.结果:各部分课程授课方式、授课内容、实用性三方面被评价为”很好”的比例分别为53.8％～ 93.7％、53.9％～93.7％、42.3％ ～ 93.7％,三个方面被评价为很好与较好的合计比例分别为88.5％～100.0％,87.5％～100％,87.4％ ～ 100％.三期培训班总体情况评价平均得分(十分制)分别为8.7±1.1,8.8±1.5,8.0±1.9,差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05),广义线性模型分析显示,年龄和性别为总体情况评价的影响因素.结论:三期培训班满意度较高,达到预期培训效果.

目的:初步评价快速动眼脱敏疗法对甲基苯丙胺患者吸毒相关线索敏感和渴求的改善效果.方法:采用随机对照试验方法将100名甲基苯丙胺依赖患者分为对照组和试验组,对照组共接受5次*5分钟吸毒相关视频短片暴露,试验组在此基础上每次暴露后接受1小时快速动眼脱敏治疗,随访比较干预前、干预后1个月和3个月两组依赖者线索敏感问卷及视觉模拟量表(VAS)得分变化.结果:干预前试验组和对照组的线索敏感和VAS得分无统计学差异(P＞0.05),干预后1个月和3个月随访试验组的线索敏感和VAS得分均低于对照组(P＜0.05),重复测量方差分析显示在线索敏感和VAS得分上存在分组效应(P＜0.05).结论:快速动眼脱敏治疗有助于降低甲基苯丙胺依赖者对吸毒线索的敏感和对毒品的急性渴求.

目的:报告中职学生毒品预防教育干预试验的研究设计、干预方案和基线情况.方法:成立干预方案研发组制定干预课程;立意选取武汉市两所中等职业学校分别作为干预和对照学校,一年级全体学生纳入研究,其中干预组490人,对照组680人.基线调查包括人口学特征、个人能力、社交能力、毒品拒绝技能、毒品认知和毒品使用倾向相关内容.采用SPSS 20.0进行数据分析.结果:干预方案命名为“快乐成功技能课堂”,包括8次1小时的课程,采用互动式授课;研究对象平均年龄(15.6±0.9)岁,男女生各占一半;干预组和对照组间的基线调查结果基本平衡.结论:本研究在国内属于一种开拓性的探索,研究结果将为今后大范围开展中职学生毒品预防教育干预试验奠定基础.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">目的了解中职生新型毒品使用和使用倾向,探讨其与计划行为理论（TPB）及社会学习理论（SLT）相关要素的关系。方法于2013年9—10月,采用判断抽样方法对湖北省武汉市3所代表性中职学校共2 032名在校学生进行匿名问卷调查。结果新型毒品使用率为1.82%,新型毒品使用倾向率为4.77%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,新型毒品使用影响因素为高拒绝技能（OR=0.873）、反对毒品态度（OR=0.813）、父母反对态度（OR=0.058）、获得毒品容易（OR=6.683）、朋友吸毒比例&lt;50%（OR=4.860）、朋友吸毒比例≥50%（OR=12.113）、家族成员吸毒比例&lt;50%（OR=3.537）。新型毒品使用倾向影响因素为高拒绝技能（OR=0.928）、反对毒品态度（OR=0.914）、朋友反对态度（OR=0.468）、朋友吸毒比例&lt;50%（OR=2.296）、朋友吸毒比例≥50%（OR=3.147）、家族成员吸毒比例&lt;50%（OR=2.643）。结论中职生新型毒品使用率和使用倾向率一般,计划行为理论要素与社会学习理论要素对新型毒品使用及使用倾向有重要影响,但影响并非完全独立。</span>

目的 了解家庭因素和同伴因素对武汉市中等职业院校学生吸烟行为的影响,为制定吸烟行为的预防干预策略提供依据.方法 采用立意抽样方法,从武汉市中等职业学校中抽取三所学校,对其中一、二年级的学生全部进行调查.结果 共2 354人接受问卷调查,武汉市中等职业院校学生尝试吸烟率为23.8％,现在吸烟率为18.6％,不同年龄和性别吸烟率差异有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05);单因素分析发现,平均月花费、父母监管、家庭冲突、亲近关系、家族中吸烟比例、朋友中吸烟比例、朋友对你吸烟态度等对吸烟行为均有影响(均有P ＜0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,吸烟行为与性别、年龄、平均学习成绩、平均月花费、父母监管、亲近关系、朋友中吸烟比例有关(均有P ＜0.05).结论 中等职业院校学生控烟工作需要加强,提高父母监管技能,强化亲近关系和控制同伴影响有助于减少中等职业院校学生的吸烟行为.

目的:了解氯胺酮滥用所致躯体-心理-社会功能损害,为制定预防氯胺酮滥用工作提供科学依据.方法:采用整群抽样,纳入武汉市五个强制隔离戒毒机构内符合条件的氯胺酮滥用患者进行调查.结果:氯胺酮滥用患者平均年龄(30.13±7.12)岁,吸食氯胺酮时间平均为(89.47±48.49)月.吸食氯胺酮造成的身体损害症状前三位为"入睡困难"、"尿频尿急尿痛"和"体重下降";造成的心理损害症状前三位为"健忘记忆力下降"、"烦躁易发火"和"胡思乱想、空想";造成社会功能损害症状前三位为"对身边的人和事关心变少"、"工作能力下降"和"人生无目标规划".氯胺酮混吸其他毒品患者相比单纯氯胺酮患者,其身体、心理和社会功能损害程度均高(P＜0.05).氯胺酮使用月数与躯体损害、心理损害和社会功能损害得分均呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论:氯胺酮滥用导致严重的躯体-心理-社会功能健康危害.加强氯胺酮健康危害知识预防教育和提高抵制诱惑和拒绝的能力,有助于预防氯胺酮滥用.

目的:探索预防中职生合成毒品滥用的干预模式。方法:采用立意抽样的方法从4个城市抽取8所中等职业学校,采用整群随机的方法将2387名研究对象分为干预组（n=1195）和对照组（n=1192）。干预组开展"认知-技能-心理成长"干预,对照组不施加任何干预措施。对研究对象于干预前、干预后即刻、干预后6个月和12个月进行4次调查。按照意向性分析原则,采用发展模型进行数据处理。结果:两组毒品认知得分呈上升-下降-上升的非线性变化趋势,调整其他变量的影响后干预后各时点干预组高于对照组,组间差别有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;干预组的感觉寻求水平总体呈下降趋势,干预后6个月和12个月两组感觉寻求水平差别有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,干预组低于对照组。结论:"认知-技能-心理成长"干预模式有助于提高中职生的毒品认知、降低感觉寻求水平,可能有助于降低中职生合成毒品滥用风险。

Nonmedical use of cough syrup (NUCS) among secondary vocational school (SVS) students has been an increasing concern for public health in China, but no data were available. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characters of NUCS as well as its risk factors among SVS students in China.From September 2013 to December 2014, a total of 13,614 SVS students were purposively selected through multistage sampling in 6 cities of China. Information on NUCS, demographics, family background, smoking and alcohol consumption, impulsiveness, sensation seeking, and parental monitoring were collected. Logistic regression was used to explore factors related to NUCS.The 12,923 (94.9%) valid responses (16.3 ± 1.0 years old, and 52.6% men) reported 3.47% (95% confidence interval: 3.15-3.79%) lifetime NUCS. Logistic regression indicated that smoking, part-time job experience, high level of impulsiveness, and sensation seeking were risk factors for NUCS, whereas urban living and high parental monitoring were protective ones.NUCS was prevalent among SVS students. Interventions that target on smoking, impulsiveness and sensation seeking control, improvement on parental monitoring may have considerable impact on NUCS among SVS students.

The relationships between parental monitoring (PM), sensation seeking (SS), expected social benefits (ESB), refusal efficacy (RE), and tobacco and alcohol use (TAU) have been well documented among adolescents. However, the mechanisms by which these 4 determinants affect TAU remain unclear. Based on the Theory of Triadic Influence, this study aimed to explore how PM, SS, ESB, and RE simultaneously influenced TAU in Chinese adolescents.From September 2013 to June 2014, we used multistage cluster sampling to select 6269 students from 179 classes of 7 vocational high schools in 3 cities of China. Each student completed a battery of 5 measures: PM, SS, ESB, RE, and TAU. Then, we used structural equation modeling techniques and mediation analyses to investigate the relationships among these 5 measures, with TAU as the final dependent variable.Results demonstrated that the relationship between PMand TAU was fullymediated by ESB and RE (b = -0.18, P<0.001), that SS influenced TAU directly (b = 0.10, P<0.001) and indirectly through ESB and RE (b = 0.15, P<0.001), and that ESB influenced TAU directly (b = 0.09, P<0.001) and indirectly through RE (b = 0.28, P<0.001). These findings indicate that the link between PM and SS to TAU among Chinese adolescents can be explained by ESB and RE. These 4 precursory determinants can play an important role in TAU prevention among adolescents in China.

目的:探究我国戒毒心理治疗面临的困难,并提出解决方法.方法:对参加全国药物成瘾多维度心理干预培训班和北京毒品成瘾心理矫治培训班的134名学员进行无记名、自填式问卷调查.结果:调查对象所在单位专职心理人员平均为3.9±5.7人,专职和兼职心理人员总数平均为21.1 ±28.4,心理人员与戒毒人员数之比为1∶107;88.8％的调查对象参加戒毒心理培训次数为3次及以下;戒毒人员半年来接受的戒毒心理治疗时间平均为5.2小时.开展心理治疗工作的主要困难为现有人员心理干预技能不足(72.4％),心理专业人员数量不足(64.2％)等.结论:我国戒毒心理治疗面临着心理人员不足、技能缺乏、心理治疗时间不足等困境,应采取购买社会服务、加强戒毒心理治疗培训、心理康复和身体康复相结合等措施,以提高戒毒效果,降低复吸率.

目的:了解甲基苯丙胺依赖者在躯体脱毒后对毒品的慢性渴求状况及其相关因素.方法:采用戒毒者线索敏感问卷、强迫性毒品使用量表、汉密尔顿焦虑量表及贝克抑郁自评量表及自制人口学调查表,对武汉市两所强制戒毒所躯体脱毒3个月以上的134名甲基苯丙胺依赖者进行调查.结果:所调查的甲基苯丙胺依赖者强迫性毒品使用量表平均得分为(35.90±7.54).53.7％的依赖者存在焦虑,67.9％存在抑郁.对慢性渴求的相关因素进行单因素分析结果显示文化程度、吸毒年限、平均每次毒品用量、毒品相关线索敏感、焦虑、抑郁状况与慢性渴求程度有关(P＜0.01).多因素分析提示在去除混杂后,平均每次毒品使用量、焦虑状况和毒品相关线索敏感与慢性渴求存在线性相关关系(P＜0.05).结论:甲基苯丙胺依赖者在躯体脱毒后一段时间内依然存在较普遍的焦虑、抑郁及对吸毒相关情景敏感,这些因素都与慢性渴求有关.在新型毒品依赖者常规戒毒教育中,应将吸毒史长、用量大、存在焦虑和抑郁等不良情绪及对毒品线索敏感的依赖者作为心理康复和预防复吸的重点关注对象.

目的：探索武汉市颅脑损伤儿童的性别、年龄、损伤原因特征,为未来的预防措施提供依据。方法以2011年1月至2013年7月武汉市儿童医院住院的颅脑损伤患者为研究对象,采用描述性分析方法,分析颅脑损伤儿童的性别、年龄及损伤原因的特征,对比分析不同年份之间的受伤原因构成比差异。结果患者男女比例1.79：1；0~3岁占62.4%,1岁以下最多(31.6%)；损伤原因中跌落/跌倒占73.2%,车祸占16.0%,3岁以下与3岁及以上儿童的损伤原因构成比差异有统计学意义,不同年份之间损伤原因构成比差异无统计学意义。结论儿童颅脑损伤的发生存在一定的规律性,近几年损伤原因未发生显著改变,可根据其规律性和原因制定相应的防范措施,有效降低儿童脑损伤的发生。