Background Individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are at an elevated risk for mental disorders. However, IBS management often overlooks psychological factors, which may contribute to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Objective This study aims to assess the currenttreatment approach for IBS at our center, JinlingHospital of Nanjing and investigate whether dietary interventions, specifically the low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet (low FODMAP diet; LFD), could alleviate anxiety symptoms in IBS patients. Methods We prospectively enrolled two cohorts of IBS patients. The first cohort underwent an observational study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and evaluate current treatment approaches. The second cohort participated in a clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of the LFD. Stool samples were collected before the LFD intervention and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results Anxiety was present in approximately 60% of IBS patients in our cohort, but it was frequently overlooked in conventional treatment. Anxiety was positively correlated with IBS symptom severity. Rifaximin was the only standard therapeutic option demonstrating efficacy. A one-month LFD intervention significantly reduced both gastrointestinal and mental health symptoms in IBS patients. Although alpha- and beta-diversity of the gut microbiota were similar between diet responders and non-responders, the composition of dominant bacteria differed significantly. At the genus level, responders exhibited higher abundances of Klebsiella, Parabacteroides, and Lactobacillus than non-responders. Conclusion Anxiety is common in IBS patients but often neglected in standard treatment protocols. The LFD may serve as an alternative therapeutic approach, potentially exerting benefits through modulation of gut microbiota.

Background Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is characterized by excessive bacteria in the small intestine, often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. The advent of biologic therapies has significantly advanced the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD), yet their influence on the development of SIBO remains unclear. Aims This study aims to elucidate the relationship between exposure to biologic therapies and the incidence of SIBO in CD patients. Methods This retrospective case-control study enrolled CD patients who underwent lactulose hydrogen-methane breath test (LHMBT) at Jinling Hospital from 2021 to 2024. Clinical data were collected and the risk factors for SIBO were identified using both univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Additionally, model validation was carried out using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, confusion matrix and 5-fold cross-validation. Results (1) Among the 86 CD patients enrolled, biologic administration differed significantly between the SIBO-positive ( n = 43) and SIBO-negative ( n = 43) group. (2) Identified risk factors for SIBO in CD patients included use of biologics in excess of five times compared to those with no biologic exposure ( OR = 4.541, P = 0.033), and intestinal stenosis ( OR = 3.262, P = 0.034). (3) ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of the combined model that included biologic exposure frequency (≥5 times), body mass index (BMI), current steroid use, disease duration and intestinal stenosis, for predicting SIBO in CD patients (AUC = 0.778, P < 0.001). (4) The confusion matrix demonstrated an accuracy of 70.9% and a precision of 67.3%, while the 5-fold cross-validation verified that the predictive model achieved a mean AUC of 0.779 ± 0.03. Conclusions This study indicated that frequent exposure to biologics is associated with an increased presence of SIBO in CD patients, particularly in those with intestinal strictures.

OBJECTIVE:Platelets play important roles in thrombosis, immunity, and inflammation. Recent studies have shown a relationship between platelet indices and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the nature and direction of this causal relationship remain controversial. This study used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to elucidate the potential causal relationships. METHODS:Genetic associations of platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT) were obtained from the summary statistics of a genome-wide association study from the UK Biobank, those of NAFLD/NASH were sourced from the FinnGen database, and two different genome-wide association meta-analyses. Inverse variance weighting was conducted, with weighted median, Mendelian randomisation-Egger, and Mendelian randomisation Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier methods used as sensitivity analyses. Estimates from the inverse variance weighting method were meta-analyzed. Reverse MR Analysis was conducted using NAFLD data. RESULTS:Increased genetically predicted PDW levels were consistently associated with increased NAFLD risk from all three sources (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01-1.15; P  = 0.020). Genetically predicted NAFLD was associated with increased MPV (OR = 1.008, 95% CI: 1.005-1.032; P  = 0.008). Increased levels of genetically predicted PDW were associated with an increased risk of NASH (OR = 1.603, 95% CI: 1.154-2.228; P  = 0.005). Decreased levels of genetically predicted PLT and PCT were associated with an increased risk of NASH (OR = 0.679, 95% CI: 0.487-0.947, P  = 0.023; OR = 0.587, 95% CI: 0.408-0.843; P  = 0.004). CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that fluctuations in platelet indices are important in predicting the onset and progression of NAFLD/NASH.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multisystem condition that could affect the cutaneous systems, namely cutaneous extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs). It has been suggested that IBD is associated with erythema nodosum (EN), malignant melanoma (MM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). However, the potential causal relationship between IBD and the mentioned above cutaneous EIMs is still unclear. This study aims to determine the effect of IBD on EN, MM and NMSC within a Mendelian randomization (MR) design. Summary-level data for IBD, EN, MM, NMSC were obtained from large-scale genome-wide association studies. We utilized five different methods, including the inverse variance weighted model (IVW), MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, Weighted mode in the MR analysis, then the Cochran’s Q test, the MR-Egger pleiotropy test, the MR-PRESSO global pleiotropy test and leave-one-out sensitivity test were used to evaluate the heterogeneity and pleiotropy of identified IVs. To further ensure the validity of our findings, we evaluated the strength of the instrumental variables using the F-statistic and estimated the statistical power of our study. Findings were verified using an independent validation dataset, as well as through different MR methods with different model assumptions. MR analysis suggested that genetically determined IBD had a detrimental causal effect on NMSC (IVW: odds ratio [OR] = 1.002037, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0001150–1.003962, P = 0.03776677), but not on EN (IVW: [OR] = 1.0937191, 95% [CI] = 0.9685831–1.235022, P = 0.1484349) and MM (IVW: [OR] = 0.9998064, 95% [CI] = 0.9994885–1.000124, P = 0.2326482). Besides, a positive causal effect of IBD on NMSC was verified in an independent validation dataset (IVW: [OR] = 1.002651, 95% [CI] = 1.0006524–1.004654, P = 0.009307506). The present study corroborated the causal relationship between IBD and NMSC. In contrast, our results showed no evidence of a causal association of IBD on EN and MM. These findings provide new insights into increasing attention to patients with IBD to prevent concurrent NMSC.

To the Editor: Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) often undergo bowel resection due to complications. Indeed, bowel resection is not a curative approach and has relatively high rates of postoperative complications and recurrence.[1] The 10-year risk of having a second resection after the first is 35%, although more recent studies suggest that this may have decreased to closer to 30%.[2] How to prevent postoperative recurrence (POR) has become a major concern. Studies have shown that mesalazine and azathioprine do not effectively prevent POR and biologics have a better preventive effect. The relative efficacies of different biologics remain controversial, suggesting that further trials are needed. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic therapy in preventing POR after intestinal surgery in patients with CD in a real-world setting and to compare vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and infliximab for effectiveness, which is currently a gap in China. This study retrospectively analyzed patients with CD treated at Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, from March 2021 to August 2023. Inclusion criteria were: (1) Meeting the diagnostic criteria for CD in the 2023 Chinese national clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease;[1] (2) Undergoing intestinal surgery, including partial resection of the intestine, colon, and rectum; intestinal perforation repair surgery; stoma, etc.; (3) Undergoing biologics treatment according to the recommended dosage and modality within 6 months after surgery for at least 3 months. Exclusion criteria were: (1) Treatment limited to simple anal fistula surgery, appendectomy, or endoscopic dilatation; (2) missed visits or lack of clinical data. Ethical approval (No. 2022DZKY-048-02) and informed consent were obtained. The baseline clinical data were collected through the hospital's electronic medical record system. The primary outcome was clinical recurrence at the end of follow-up. Disease severity was assessed clinically by the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), which defines clinical recurrence as a CDAI >150 and a CDAI increase of 100.[1] When a case relapsed, the treatment plan was changed according to the specific situation, including reoperation, switching to another biologic, co-administering immunosuppressants or hormones, re-induction, etc. The secondary outcome was the status of endoscopy recurrence. Endoscopic POR was considered with a Rutgeerts score ≥i2, and endoscopic remission with a Rutgeerts score 100 cm), esophagogastroduodenal lesions, young age at onset, and the need for steroid therapy at the initial disease onset.[1] In the present study, of the five examined risk factors, patients were more likely to have POR only with extensive lesions. In addition, cases requiring immunosuppressant therapy throughout the course of the disease were more likely to recur. The timing of immunosuppressant administration may be a relevant factor, and more severe or poorly controlled disease may require the use of immunosuppressants. This study analyzed the actual postoperative use of biologics in patients with CD, providing data for the efficacy of different biologics in the prevention of POR in China. The current study provided certain guidance and might be used as a reference for further clinical promotion and application. Since the definitions of clinical POR and Rutgeerts score have never been formally unified, all current diagnostic modalities had limitations.[5] Our findings get only a preliminary conclusion due to the lack of a control group treated with traditional medication. As this was an observational, non-interventional study, data on endoscopy were only available if it is deemed necessary by the patients' physician. Therefore, some of the endoscopic POR data are missing and the results may be affected by inconsistent evaluation time. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that biologics (vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and infliximab) could effectively prevent POR. Ustekinumab might show a better preventive efficacy than infliximab. Patients administered immunosuppressants or with extensive lesions are more likely to undergo clinical POR.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent disease of the musculoskeletal system that causes functional deterioration and diminished quality of life. Myrislignan (MRL) has a wide range of pharmacological characteristics, including an anti-inflammatory ability. Although inflammation is a major cause of OA, the role of MRL in OA treatment is still not well-understood. In this study, we analyze the anti-inflammatory and anti-ECM degradation effects of MRL both in vivo and in vitro. Rat primary chondrocytes were treated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to simulate inflammatory environmental conditions and OA in vitro. The in vivo OA rat model was established by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) on rat. Our investigation discovered that MRL lowers the IL-1β-activated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in chondrocytes. Moreover, MRL effectively alleviates IL-1β-induced extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and promotes ECM synthesis in chondrocytes by upregulating the mRNA level expression of collagen-II and aggrecan (ACAN), downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-3,-13 (MMP-3, MMP-13), and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-5 (ADAMTS-5). Gene expression profiles of different groups identified DEGs that were mainly enriched in functions associated with NF-κB signaling pathway, and other highly enriched in functions related to TNF, IL-17, Rheumatoid arthritis and cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling pathways. Venn interaction of DEGs from the abovementioned five pathways showed that Nfkbia, Il1b, Il6, Nfkb1, Ccl2, Mmp3 were highly enriched DEGs. In addition, our research revealed that MRL suppresses NF-κB and modulates the Nrf2/HO-1/JNK signaling pathway activated by IL-1β in chondrocytes. In vivo research shows that MRL slows the progression of OA in rats. Our findings imply that MRL might be a viable OA therapeutic choice.

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of allogeneic umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TH-SC01) for complex perianal fistula in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods This was an open-label, single-arm clinical trial conducted at Jinling Hospital. Adult patients with complex treatment-refractory CD perianal fistulas (pfCD) were enrolled and received a single intralesional injection of 120 million TH-SC01 cells. Combined remission was defined as an absence of suppuration through an external orifice, complete re-epithelization, and absence of collections larger than 2 cm measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 weeks after cell administration. Results A total of 10 patients were enrolled. Six patients (60.0%) achieved combined remission at 24 weeks. The number of draining fistulas decreased in 9 (90.0%) and 7 (70.0%) patients at weeks 12 and 24, respectively. Significant improvement in Perianal Crohn Disease Activity Index, Pelvic MRI-Based Score, Crohn Disease Activity Index, and quality of life score were observed at 24 weeks. No serious adverse events occurred. The probability of remaining recurrence-free was 70% at week 52. Conclusion The study demonstrated that local injection of TH-SC01 cells might be an effective and safe treatment for complex treatment-refractory pfCD after conventional and/or biological treatments fail (ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04939337). Trial Registration : The study was retrospectively registered on www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04939337) on June 25, 2021.

As the most abundant white blood cells in humans, neutrophils play a key role in acute and chronic inflammation, suggesting that these cells are a key component of targeted therapies for various inflammation-related diseases. Specific enzyme-responsive or specific ligand-modified polymer nanoparticles are beneficial for improving drug efficacy, reducing toxicity, and enhancing focal site retention. However, there remain significant challenges in biomedical applications of these synthetic polymer nanoparticles, mainly due to their rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. In recent years, biomimetic drug delivery systems such as neutrophils acting directly as drug carriers or neutrophil-membrane-coated nanoparticles have received increasing attention due to the natural advantages of neutrophils. Thus, neutrophil-targeted, neutrophil-assisted, or neutrophil-coated nanoparticles exhibit a prolonged blood circulation time and improved accumulation at the site of inflammation. Despite recent advancements, further clinical research must be performed to evaluate neutrophil-based delivery systems for future biomedical application in the diagnosis and treatment of related inflammatory diseases. In this review, we have summarized new exciting developments and challenges in neutrophil-mediated drug delivery strategies for treating inflammation-related diseases.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine characterized by a compromised intestinal epithelial barrier. Mucin glycans are crucial in preserving barrier function during bacterial infections, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. A cohort comprising 15 patients diagnosed with UC and 15 healthy individuals was recruited. Stool samples were collected to perform 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while biopsy samples were subjected to nanocapillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) to assess O-glycosylation. Gene expression was evaluated through qPCR analysis and Western blotting. Furthermore, animal experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of Escherichia coli and/or O-glycan inhibitor benzyl-α-GalNAc on the development of colitis in mice. Our findings revealed that the mucus barrier was disrupted during the early stages of UC, while the MUC2 protein content remained unaltered. Additionally, a noteworthy reduction in the o-glycosylation of MUC2 was observed, along with significant changes in the intestinal microbiota during the early stages of UC. These changes included a decrease in intestinal species richness and an increase in the abundance of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Moreover, subsequent to the administration of galactose or o-glycan inhibitor to intestinal epithelial cells, it was observed that the cell culture supernatant had the ability to modify the proliferation and adhesive capacity of E. coli. Furthermore, when pathogenic E. coli or commensal E. coli were cocultured with intestinal epithelium, both strains elicited activation of the NF-KB signaling pathway in epithelial cells and facilitated the expression of serine protease in comparison to the untreated control. Consistently, the inhibition of o-glycans has been observed to enhance the pathogenicity of E. coli in vivo. Furthermore, a correlation has been established between the level of o-glycans and the development of ulcerative colitis. Specifically, a reduction in the O-glycan content of MUC2 cells has been found to increase the virulence of E. coli, thereby compromising the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Together, there exist complex interactions between the intestinal epithelium, o-glycans, and the intestinal microbiota, which may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) is an irreversible inflammatory disorder, characterized by alternating periods of relapse and remission. It is particularly important to predict clinical relapses in patients with CD because patients in remission could relapse frequently in a randomized way. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a symptom of gut microbial dysbiosis and is commonly observed in patients with CD, which may affect disease course. The present research was carried out to establish whether SIBO is linked to the subsequent clinical relapse of CD. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort research included consecutive patients (>= 18 years) with quiescent CD who underwent lactulose hydrogen-methane breath test to diagnose SIBO managed at Jinling Hospital in China from January 2016 to June 2020. We assessed demographic data, laboratory parameters, SIBO and clinical characteristics including disease location and behavior, surgical history and current and previous medication at baseline and analyzed these data to identify factors associated with clinical relapse. Patients were followed up for 18 months and assessed for the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores, treatment escalation, and disease progression to determine the primary endpoint of clinical relapse. Results: Of the 73 enrolled patients, 34 (46.6%) were positive for SIBO. Twenty-seven (37.0%) patients experienced clinical relapse within 18 months (median time of relapse: 13.9 months). SIBO in the relapse group was considerably elevated compared to the non-relapse group (63.0% vs. 37.0%, P=0.032). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that SIBO [hazard ratio (HR) 2.79, P=0.017] and penetrating disease behavior (HR 3.66, P=0.040) were the sole individual risk elements for relapse in patients with quiescent CD. Conclusions: This study indicated that SIBO was highly prevalent in patients with CD, and was independently linked to clinical relapse in quiescent patients. Detecting SIBO may be a valuable option for the prognostic assessment of patients in clinical remission.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic intestinal inflammatory disorders with a prolonged duration characterized by recurrent relapse and remission. The exact etiology of IBD remains poorly understood despite the identification of relevant risk factors, including individual genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, and disruption of immune homeostasis. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is believed to exacerbate the progression of IBD. Recently, increasing evidence has also linked oral microbiota dysbiosis with the development of IBD. On the one hand, IBD patients show significantly unbalanced composition and function of the oral microbiota known as dysbiosis. On the other, overabundances of oral commensal bacteria with opportunistic pathogenicity have been found in the gut microbiota of IBD patients. Herein, we review the current information on the causative factors of IBD, especially recent evidence of IBD-associated oral microbiota dysbiosis, which has seldom been covered in the previous literature review, highlighting the pathogenic mechanisms of specific oral bacteria in the development of IBD. Ectopic colonization of several oral bacteria, including a subset of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter concisus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, may lead to destruction of the intestinal epithelial barrier, excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines, disruption of the host immune system, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota, consequently aggravating chronic intestinal inflammation. Studying oral microbiota dysbiosis may open future horizons for understanding IBD pathogenesis and provide novel biomarkers for IBD. This review also presents the current treatment and new perspectives for IBD treatment.

目的 目前关于上消化道克罗恩病(L4-CD)的药物治疗研究较少.文中旨在比较5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)类药物与免疫抑制剂药物预防L4-CD的疗效与安全性分析.方法 回顾性分析东部战区总医院2012年1月至2018年12月收治的48例L4-CD患者的临床资料.根据临床用药分为5-ASA组(使用5-ASA,n=30)和免疫抑制剂组(免疫抑制剂硫唑嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、雷公藤,n=18).在L4-CD的亚型中,屈氏韧带以上为L4-EGD者(n=28),屈氏韧带以下为L4-空肠与近端回肠者(n=20).其中L4-EGD者分为5-ASA亚组(使用5-ASA,n=18),免疫亚组(使用免疫抑制剂,n=10);L4-空肠与近端回肠者分为5-ASA空回肠亚组(使用5-ASA,n=12),免疫空回肠亚组(使用免疫抑制剂,n=8).分别记录在6、12、24个月的临床复发率、内镜复发率、手术复发率,并进行疾病行为(非狭窄非穿透、狭窄、穿透、肛周病变)的比较.结果 5-ASA组6个月内内镜、临床复发率(30％、26.7％)较免疫抑制剂组(0％、0％)明显升高(P<0.05),12个月内内镜及临床复发率、24个月内内镜复发及临床复发与手术复发率亦明显升高(P<0.05).L4-EGD组肛周病变多(P<0.05),L4-空肠与近端回肠组狭窄多(P<0.05).L4-空肠与近端回肠者5-ASA空回肠亚组6个月内内镜、临床复发率显著高于免疫空回肠亚组(P<0.05),12月及24个月内镜、临床、手术复发率亦显著升高(P<0.05).结论 免疫抑制剂治疗L4-CD较5-氨基水杨酸复发率低、疗效好,有助于维持临床缓解和延迟手术,从而改变疾病的进展和改善预后.

The epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal (L4) Crohn’s disease in China remains poorly characterized. We aimed to identify the clinical characteristics of L4 disease and clarify the relationship between disease characteristics at diagnosis and early outcomes. We retrospectively enrolled 246 patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2017 and followed up for > 1 year post-diagnosis. Primary outcomes included the 1-year rates of hospitalization and abdominal surgery according to disease location and behavior. Of 80 patients with L4 disease (61, 25, and 18 with esophagogastroduodenal, jejunal, and proximal ileal involvement, respectively), none had granuloma, whereas 66.7%, 50%, 46.9%, 75%, and 70% had disease-specific endoscopic lesions in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum, respectively. Compared to non-L4 disease, L4 disease was associated with higher rates of abdominal surgery (41.3% vs. 11.4%, P < 0.001) but similar rates of hospitalization within 1 year post-diagnosis. In L4 disease, jejunal and proximal ileal involvement was associated with stricturing behavior (P = 0.034, P < 0.001) and higher abdominal surgery rate (both: P < 0.001). Risk factors for abdominal surgery within 1 year post-diagnosis included age ≥ 40 years (OR 1.920; 95% CI 1.095–3.367), L4 phenotype (OR 6.335; 95% CI 3.862–10.390), stricturing disease (OR 3.162; 95% CI 1.103–9.866), and penetrating disease (OR 11.504; 95% CI 3.409–38.825), whereas the protective factor was female sex (OR 0.214; 95% CI 0.123–0.373). Early outcomes are worse for L4 than for non-L4 disease. Jejunoileum involvement predicts stricturing disease and early surgery. More aggressive initial therapy is needed to improve L4-disease prognosis.

Delayed colectomy can be life-threatening for patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC). However, few biomarkers can predict the outcomes of ASUC patients before treatment. Serum procalcitonin (PCT) has been observed to be increased in ASUC patients.

Objective To investigate the incidence of food intolerance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease（IBD） and to analyze the differential diagnostic value of intolerant food in Crohn’s disease（CD） and ulcerative colitis（UC） and its effects on the diseases.Methods

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has shown an effect on mediating tumor regression in some patients with highly advanced, refractory metastatic malignancy. Here, the in vitro generation of TILs isolated from malignant pleural effusion and ascites was compared with which using engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement (ECCE) and 3 common γ-chain cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15, alone or in combination. We showed the robust clinical-scale production of TILs with a less differentiated 'young' phenotype by expansion in the presence of ECCE combined with IL-2/7/15. Furthermore, a major fraction of the TILs generated in this fashion was shown to produce much more IFN-γ and TNF-α, and displayed cytolytic activity against target cells expressing the relevant antigens. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the combination of ECCE and IL-2/7/15 has been applied for the generation of TILs isolated from malignant pleural effusion and ascites.

TPS3118Background: EBV associated malignancies exhibits high amplification of PD-L1 as distinguished from EBV non-associated malignancies (Kim et al. Gastroenterology 2015; Chen et al. Clinical Can...