Gynaephora qinghaiensis is a major pest in the alpine meadow regions of China. While the females are unable to fly, the males can fly and cause widespread damage. The aim of this study was to use transcriptome analysis to identify and verify genes expressed at different developmental stages of Gynaephora qinghaiensis, with particular emphasis on genes associated with wing development. High-throughput sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeqTM2000 platform to assess transcriptomic differences in the wings of male and female pupa and male and female adults of Gynaephora qinghaiensis, and the expression levels of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A total of 60,536 unigenes were identified from the transcriptome data, and 25,162 unigenes were obtained from a comparison with four major databases. Further analysis identified 18 DEGs associated with wing development in Gynaephora qinghaiensis. RT-qPCR verification of the expression levels showed consistency with the RNA sequencing results. Spatio-temporal expression profiling of the 18 genes indicated different levels of expression in the thoraces of male and female pupa, as well as between the wing buds of adult females and the wings of adult males. GO annotation analysis showed that the DEGs were associated with similar categories with no significant enrichment and were involved in cellular processes, cellular anatomical entities, and binding. KEGG analysis indicated that the DEGs were associated with endocytosis and metabolic pathways. The results of this study expand the information on genes associated with Gynaephora qinghaiensis wing development and provide support for further investigations of wing development at the molecular level.

Background: Grassland desertification has garnered significant attention as a pressing issue. Among the key pests affecting plateau meadows, the Gynaephora qinghaiensis (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) poses a substantial threat in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, highlighting the urgent need for effective, environmentally friendly control strategies. Insect sex pheromones are increasingly employed in pest monitoring and management. Methods: This study aims to identify and analyze genes associated with sex pheromone synthesis in grassland caterpillars through transcriptome sequencing and tissue-specific expression analysis. Results: A total of 139,599 transcripts and 56,403 Unigenes were obtained from the sex pheromone glands transcriptome database. A total of 31 genes related to sex pheromone synthesis were identified, including 1 ACC, 8 DES, 6 AR, 7 FAR, 5 FAS, and 4 ACT genes. The expression levels of these genes varied significantly across different tissues in both male and female caterpillars (p < 0.05). GqinACC1, GqinDES1, GqinDES4, GqinDES8, GqinAR3, GqinFAR6, GqinACT2, and GqinACT3 exhibited significantly higher expression levels in the female gonads compared to other tissues (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We hypothesize that specific genes play specific roles in the pheromone synthesis pathways of pests, Key genes were identified based on expression patterns for subsequent functional studies. The results of this study offer valuable data support for subsequent investigations into the mechanisms underlying sex pheromone synthesis in G. qinghaiensis. Additionally, these findings may identify potential targets for future research on genes associated with pheromone biosynthesis, which could disrupt their chemical communication and contribute to grassland conservation efforts.

The eco-hydrological process related to vegetation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is special, and the impact of snow cover on the growth of vegetation is unique and important. In this study, we analyzed the multi-year variations in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and snow cover on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from spatial and temporal perspectives and determined the relationship between the changes in the NDVI and snow cover. Results showed that in the last 40 years, the rate of change in the snow depth on the plateau was −0.016 mm/a, and the NDVI changed by 0.0005/a. The correlations (|R| values) between the different factors and the NDVI followed the order of precipitation (0.77) > snow depth (0.76) > temperature (0.67) > solar radiation (0.21). The responses of the NDVI to changes in meteorological elements were synchronous, whereas the opposite was found for the snow cover. The snow cover had more significant impacts on vegetation at higher elevations. The NDVI had a lag of about 2 months from the onset of the snow cover, and heavy snow events had negative impacts on the NDVI for more than 3 years. Our findings will facilitate studies of ecological vulnerability and the predictions of changes in vegetation on the plateau.

With the escalating global climate change and frequent human activities, Inner Mongolia, as a crucial ecological barrier in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Bohai Economic Rim, and even the whole country, confronts many ecosystem issues. To reveal the intricate interplay between natural processes, human activities, and policy interventions shaping the region’s ecological landscape, we provide a comprehensive analysis of ecological quality in Inner Mongolia from 2002 to 2021. Key findings include: (1) The research uncovers an overall improvement in ecological quality across Inner Mongolia, albeit with certain regions exhibiting a pattern of deterioration followed by improvement, particularly notable in the central part of the province. (2) Cropland, shrub, grassland, barren, wetland, and water are decreasing, while impervious, and forestland are increasing. (3) Precipitation, temperature, and elevation are significant drivers affecting the quality of the ecological environment. Interestingly, while human production and activities have altered ecological conditions, factors like GDP, population density, and night lighting index do not directly impact environmental quality significantly. This underscores the intricate interplay among various factors within the socioeconomic system, highlighting its complexity. (4) Based on these findings, our policy recommendations include strengthening ecological monitoring and management, promoting sustainable urban development, conducting public education and awareness campaigns, and fostering stakeholder collaboration for data sharing and collective understanding. Adopting sustainable management strategies is essential for promoting ecological resilience and mitigating environmental degradation in Inner Mongolia, not only benefiting the local ecosystem but also contributing to national and global environmental well-being.

Highland barley is the dominant crop that can best adapt to the natural environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau characterized by Alpine low temperature, hypoxia and strong radiation. In order to obtain the spatial distribution of the highland barley planting areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we adopted a highland barley extraction method based on multi-element fusion of partition classification. First, we impose restrictions on the range of highland barley map spots of different agricultural partitions in terms of altitude, slope, precipitation and hydrological factors. Second, we optimized the optimal band for highland barley extraction through the OIF index partition. Finally, we used the object-oriented classification method to extract the planting areas of highland barley on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The accuracy test of confusion matrix shows that the overall accuracy is 91.74% and Kappa coefficient is 0.83. According to the extraction results of highland barley on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the total planting area of highland barley is about 2.74×105 hm2. The dataset improves the understanding of the existing highland barley spatial distribution pattern from the administrative unit scale to the patch scale. And it can provide data reference for optimizing the spatial distribution pattern of highland barley planting in the future.

Abscract : Polyphylla gracilicornis , both adults and larvae can produce serious damage to crops. In this experiment, the antenna structure and sensors of P. gracilicornis were specifically observed using a stereoscopic microscope and a scanning electron microscope.We also analyzed the characteristics of tentacle structure and sensor types, morphology, number and distribution of male and female adults of P. gracilicornis .The results showed that both male and female antennae consisted of scape, pedicel and flagellum. The flagellum was divided into rod-like and gill-like parts, among which the flagellum like part of the male antennae consisted of seven segments, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 and L7, while the female antennae consisted of six segments. Observations of their male and female antennal sensors revealed that both sensor types were approximately the same, with a total of seven sensor types observed, namely Sensilla trichodea, Sensilla chaetica, Sensilla basiconica, Sensilla placodea, Sensilla coeloconica, Sensilla. But, the size and distribution of the male adult antennas differed from the female antennas. The basic study of the ultrastructure of antennas provided a basis for the study of the chemical communication mechanism of P. gracilicornis .

青海草原毛虫(Gynaephora qinghaiensis)是青藏高原上严重危害高寒草甸的重大害虫.本研究基于青海草原毛虫转录组测序数据,利用生物信息学方法及qRT-PCR技术,对GqinCSPs基因进行鉴定及表达谱分析,共鉴定出11个GqinCSPs基因,均具有完整的编码区序列.其中,GqinCSP5和GqinCSP8两个基因没有信号肽,GqinC-SP4与GqinCSP9相似性最高,二三级结构主要由α螺旋和无规则卷曲组成,系统进化表明青海草原毛虫CSPs与棉铃虫和柑橘凤蝶的亲缘关系较近.基因表达谱分析显示,11个青海草原毛虫CSP基因在雌雄成虫头部、雄虫触角以及2龄至7龄阶段中均有表达,且体现不同的表达水平.GqinCSP1,GqinCSP3,GqinCSP5,GqinCSP8,GqinCSP9在2龄阶段的相对表达量显著高于其他阶段(P<0.05).本研究为深入了解青海草原毛虫化学感受机制奠定基础,同时也为寻找青海草原毛虫绿色防治的分子靶标提供理论依据.

The Gynaephora qinghaiensis is one of the most harmful pests endangering the alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of fourth-instar larvae, male and female adults of G.qinghaiensis was performed by second-generation high-throughput sequencing; and the odorant binding protein（GqinOBPs） genes were selected further underwent bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that 17 GqinOBPs genes were screened and identified among a total of 63 335 assembled unigenes. These OBPs were revealed to be thermostable and displays an extracellular localization by bioinformatics analysis. The secondary and tertiary structure consists mainly of α helices and an irregular coil. Multiple sequence alignment supported that GqinOBPs showed conserved constitution pattern of cysteine residues as in most insects. Evolutionarily, GqinOBPs gene is closely relative to the Dichocrocis punctiferalis,Holcocerus insularis Staudinger and Holcocerus hippophaecolus,which are also lepidoptera counterparts. This study first reported the transcriptomic profiling of the G.qinghaiensis,and the identification of the odor-binding protein genes, which would lay out a foundation for further study on functions of the genes in the G.qinghaiensis.

Bumblebees show a series of advantages over other pollinating insects in offering pollination services for both the ecosystem and agricultural production, especially in high‐altitude areas. With climate warming, their diversity at high altitudes will be threatened. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the management of bumblebee resources at high altitudes to prevent their decline here. Discovering drivers responsible for the spatial variation of biodiversity is a benefit for developing appropriate management. Here, based on the bumblebee diversity on three plateau areas with an altitude gradient, the roles of different environmental factors, the climate, land cover, topography, habitat heterogeneity and soil, in the bumblebee composition were assessed by generalised dissimilarity modelling. And the relative importance of variables was evaluated by the impact on the magnitude of total biological change and the per cent change in deviance explained by models. According to the results, in the low‐altitude area, the climate played a vital role and the most important variable was the climate variable. Then, with the altitude rising, the effect of land cover continually increased. In the medium‐altitude area, the effects of different factors were detected to be similar, and the most important variables were a climate variable and a land cover variable. In the high‐altitude area, land cover finally replaced the climate as the most important factor, and one land cover variable was assessed as the most important variable. Our study revealed that the relative importance of different environmental factors on the biodiversity of bumblebees can differ as the altitude rises.

青海草原毛虫(Gynaephora qinghaiensis)是青藏高原牧区重要的害虫之一.本研究采用Illumina HiSeqTM 2000高通量测序平台对青海草原毛虫成虫和4龄幼虫进行转录组测序,在此基础上筛选其微卫星(Single sequence reperts,SSR)位点并挖掘微卫星引物.本研究共获得63 335条unigenes,有12 597个微卫星位点分布于9 851条unigenes中.通过KOG,GO注释和KEGG通路数据库分析发现,unigenes注释主要集中于一般功能预测、细胞进程和碳水化合物代谢过程.SSR重复类型主要为单核苷酸和二核苷酸重复,(A/T)n是单核苷酸重复中最主要的基元类型,占总SSR位点的71.37％,(AC/GT)n为二核苷酸重复的优势基元,占总SSR位点数的6.06％,且SSR数量随重复次数增加而降低,重复次数类型随基元序列长度增长而减少.利用Primer 3软件设计出2 714对青海草原毛虫SSR引物,随机挑出25对引物进行PCR验证,有11对引物扩增出目的DNA片段.本研究基于转录组数据成功筛选出青海草原毛虫微卫星位点,为进一步研究其种群遗传学和发生动态提供数据支撑.

Illiberis pruni is a leaf-eating pest that infests pear trees across all pear-producing regions of China. The present study, aimed to sequence the I. pruni mitochondrial genome (GenBank accession no. MZ726799) using the Illumina NovaSe Sequencing System to understand the population genetics, evolution, and taxonomy of I. pruni and other related species. The circular I. pruni mitochondrial genome was found to be 15,252 bps in length and comprised 38 sequence elements including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a putative control region (CR). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that I. pruni and Illiberis ulmivora are closely related, thereby indicating that their mitochondrial genes may share common ancestry.

WXGEN, a weather generator model based on stochastic process theory and mathematical statistics, was widely used in hydrological monitoring models, crop yield estimation models and derived fields of meteorological data. In this study, we used WXGEN to evaluate the simulation accuracy of hydrothermal conditions in the highlands of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Results showed that: (1) The Markovian chain transfer parameters P(W|D) and P(W|W) of each station were between 0.03–0.30 and 0.12–0.74, which was basically consistent with the temporal and spatial distribution of actual precipitation; (2) In the thermal data simulation, more than 96% of the meteorological stations passed the 0.05 level in three different significance tests of monthly mean minimum and maximum temperature and solar radiation, and the measured deviations of simulated annual mean temperature and solar radiation were 0.686 °C and 1.65 MJ/m2, respectively. In all, 94% of the stations in the hydrological simulation passed the monthly precipitation significance test; (3) The simulated vs. measured deviations of annual precipitation, heavy rain days and wet days were 8.04 mm, 1.023 d and 8.374 d, respectively; (4) The simulation of extreme hydrothermal conditions that may affect the yield of highland barley was very close to the measured situation, and the R2 of simulation and measured value was all above 0.85. The simulation of freezing damage was less accurate, but also higher than 0.85.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 106, No. 6First Report Disease of Clonostachys rosea Causing Root Rot on Astragalus membranaceus in China PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report Disease of Clonostachys rosea Causing Root Rot on Astragalus membranaceus in ChinaHexing Qi, Xiaoming Duan, Wenhua Xu, Yuantao Zhou, Haixia Ma, Weili Ma, and Guihua MaHexing Qi†Corresponding author: H. Qi; E-mail Address: [email protected]https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5092-2837College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Xiaoming DuanCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Wenhua XuNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Yuantao ZhouCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Haixia MaCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Weili MaCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, and Guihua MaCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, ChinaAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Hexing Qi1 † Xiaoming Duan1 Wenhua Xu2 Yuantao Zhou1 Haixia Ma1 Weili Ma1 Guihua Ma1 1College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China 2Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China Published Online:14 Apr 2022https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-21-1511-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleAstragalus membranaceus, a perennial plant in the family Leguminosae, is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines. Root rot is a serious constraint to commercial production of this plant in northeastern, northern, and northwestern China. In June 2020, A. membranaceus plants in a field in Sada, Minhe County, Haidong City, Qinghai Province (36°19′8.58″N, 102°51′30.8″E, 2,437 m.a.s.l.), showed symptoms of many brown longitudinal cracks or turtle cracks in the root, weak aboveground growth, and yellowing and falling off of leaves in severe cases. Root rot seriously affects the quality and yield of A. membranaceus. An investigation was performed in a 3,996-m2 field with a root rot incidence of 10%. Five root rot samples were collected. To isolate the fungus, rotted root pieces (∼0.5 cm) were cut with sterile scissors at the junction of infected and healthy tissues. Symptomatic roots were surface disinfected with 3% NaClO for 1.5 min and washed three times with sterile water. The disinfected pieces were dried and placed on a water agar plate in an incubator for 2 days at 25°C. After the root surface was moldy, abundant conidiophores and conidia formed. Conidia were put into sterile water with a pipette to prepare a spore suspension. Then, 200 μl of spore suspension was spread on the surface of a water agar plate and put in an incubator for 12 h at 25°C. Single spores were picked under a stereomicroscope and single spore isolates were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Ten isolates were obtained. Mycelia were white or light yellow on PDA. Primary conidiophores were Verticillium-like with two to three levels. Stipe length was 41.91 to 97.62 μm. Secondary conidiophores were penicillate with two or three whorls of phialides. Stipe length was 36.67 to 65.98 μm. Conidiogenous cells were slender cylindrical. Conidia were colorless, round or oval, and aseptate, with an average of 6.5 to 8.5 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm. Chlamydospores were round or oval, with an average of 9.91 to 16.21 × 8.07 to 13.64 μm. The identity of 10 isolates was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus using the primers ITS1F/ITS4 (sequence length was 526 bp), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene using the primers EF-1H/EF-2T (sequence length was 567 bp) (Cao et al. 2020), and sequences including ITS1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, ITS2, and large ribosomal RNA gene using the primers F1/F2 (sequence length 1010 bp) (Cao et al. 2020). BLAST analysis of all three sequences of isolates HQ-1, HQ-1-1, HQ-2-1, HQ-3-1, HQ-4, HQ-6, HQ-6-1, HQ-7-1, HQ-9-1, and HQ-10-1 in the GenBank database resulted in matches of 99.2% or more for Clonostachys rosea (NCBI accession Nos. MZ433169 to MZ433178 [ITS], MZ451390 to MZ451399 [TEF1-α], and MZ433195 to MZ433204 [ITS 1, 5.8 S rRNA, ITS 2, and LSU]. Ten isolates were inoculated on their host for pathogenicity test. The isolates were grown on PDA for 6 days for sporulation. Healthy seedling stage roots were inoculated with 10 ml of conidia suspension (1 × 105 conidial/ml). A control group of 10 seedlings of the same age was treated with sterile water. Inoculated roots were put in an artificial climate box at 25°C, 70% relative humidity, and 12 h light/12 h dark. Typical symptoms first appeared as tiny brown spots at ∼3 days, extended and cracked for 5 to 7 days, and mycelia were observed on the surfaces of the lesions. Uninoculated plants remained healthy. Isolates were reisolated from the symptomatic root, and the colonial morphology was the same as the original isolate. The assays were conducted three times. These results showed that these isolates maintained their pathogenicity to their own hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. rosea causing root rot of A. membranaceus in China. C. rosea has been previously reported to cause root rot of soybeans in the United States (Bienapfl et al. 2012). The disease must be considered in management practices, and our findings provide a foundation for preventing or curing this disease.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Bienapfl, J. C., et al. 2012. Plant Dis. 96:1700. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-12-0550-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarCao, Z. Y., et al. 2020. J. Plant Prot. 47:178. Google ScholarFunding: Funding was provided by Scientific Research Foundation of Qinghai University (4139040111).The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 106, No. 6 June 2022SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Download Metrics Article History Issue Date: 2 Jun 2022 Published: 14 Apr 2022 First Look: 24 Jan 2022 Accepted: 5 Jan 2022 Page: 1752 Information© 2022 The American Phytopathological SocietyFundingQinghai UniversityGrant/Award Number: 4139040111KeywordsAstragalus membranaceusClonostachys rosearoot rotThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF downloadCited byFirst Report of Colletotrichum spinaciae Causing Leaf Anthracnose on Quinoa in ChinaLin Wei, Wei Li, Rong Hu, Shuo Shen, and Jian Wang17 November 2023 | Plant Disease, Vol. 107, No. 12Isolation of Main Pathogens Causing Postharvest Disease in Fresh Codonopsis pilosula during Different Storage Stages and Ozone Control against Disease and Mycotoxin Accumulation21 January 2023 | Journal of Fungi, Vol. 9, No. 2

为鉴定青海省民和地区蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus)根腐病病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS,TEF-1α和RPB2序列分析对蒙古黄芪根腐病病原进行鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定8种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑制作用.结果发现,引起黄芪根腐病的病原菌为腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium soani)、逗号镰刀菌(F.virguliforme)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)和锐顶镰刀菌(F.acuminatum).室内药剂试验表明硅唑·咪鲜胺对4种镰刀菌的抑制作用最好,EC50在0.195～0.588 mg·L-1之间;多菌灵对腐皮镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和锐顶镰刀菌的抑制作用较强,EC50在0.113～0.869 mg·L1之间;咯菌腈对逗号镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和锐顶镰刀菌的抑制作用较强,EC50在0.153～0.390 mg·L-1之间;甲基硫菌灵、噁霉灵、溴菌腈和石硫合剂对4种镰刀菌的抑制作用较差,EC50在1.018～4.360 mg·L-1之间.试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治黄芪根腐病提供了科学依据.

Global climate change, mainly characterized by warming, has resulted in significant migration of temperature-sensitive crops from traditional planting areas, making crops more vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters, increasing yield losses caused by disasters. Based on the MaxEnt model, combining Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5, the potential suitable areas for highland barley planting on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were estimated, and the results showed that: (1) Over 30% of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is unsuitable for highland barley cultivation, the area of moderately suitable area for highland barley planting is close to 50%, and the marginally suitable and highly suitable area is less than 20%; (2) From the past distribution to the near and medium-term distributions, the unsuitable area for highland barley planting is gradually shrinking. In the moderately suitable area for highland barley planting, some of the area with relatively low suitability was transformed from unsuitable area, and some of the area with relatively high suitability was transformed into marginally suitable area, so that the total area remained basically unchanged. A small part of the marginally suitable area was converted into high-suitability area, which increased the highly suitable area; (3) From the perspective of different scenarios, in the near and medium term, the area with a slight decrease or no change in suitability under RCP 8.5 was smaller than under RCP 4.5, but the area with a significant increase was larger than under RCP 4.5. The areas with a small decrease or no change in suitability accounted for 23.66–33.77% of the total plateau area and were concentrated in the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Qaidam Basin. Areas with a large increase in suitability accounted for 3.47–15.64% of the total area and were located in the southern, central, and eastern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, this area increased significantly with time; (4) Judging from the average altitude change in highland barley planting, the average altitude of the highly suitable area will rise from 3759 m to 3937 m (RCP 4.5) and 3959 m (RCP 8.5) in the near term. By the medium term, the average elevation of the highly suitable area will increase from 3759 m to 4017 m (RCP 4.5) and 4090 m (RCP 8.5). The trend of rising average altitude continues to strengthen.

Pontania dolichura is a leaf-eating pest that mainly damages willow trees and is widely distributed in northern regions. In this study, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome of P. dolichura (GenBank accession number: MZ726800). The circular gene was 16,104 bp in length and comprised 38 column elements, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a non-coding control region. Most of the PCGs of P. dolichura have typical ATN (Met) start codons and typical TAN stop codons. The A + T contents of the genome, PCGs, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) were 80.32%, 78.66%, 81.94%, and 82.59%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis supported the close genetic relationship between P. dolichura and Mesoneura rufonota indicating that the two species share more recent common ancestor gene. These data will be useful for further molecular identification and population genetics studies.

天气生成器是采用随机过程论,并结合概率论和数理统计的方法生成气象数据的一种模型,它可以模拟出对灾害时空模式的分析和预测中关键的高分辨率、连续的气象数据.在梳理了天气生成器的产生、发展过程与5种主流天气生成器的定义原理与使用情况的基础上,重点关注了天气生成器在自然灾害评估中的角色地位与作用.研究表明,主流的天气生成器多基于马尔可夫链或半经验模型,计算转移概率并发生降水,进而得到其他日值气象数据,近年来多用于水文、气象、农业和灾害综合风险评估等领域.天气生成器可以结合致灾阈值,评估致灾因子发生的强度与频率,或结合水文农业模型对灾害进行评估;也可以结合农作物估产模型,评估损失与脆弱性,或结合未来排放情景,对全球变化背景下未来灾害情况进行预估.但各个模型也存在一定的模拟数值不准确、精度差、极值模拟差的问题.天气生成器的模拟数据是灾害评估中的一种科学的代用资料,进一步开展对天气生成器在灾害学领域的研究,对防灾减灾具有重要的意义.

Determining the adaptive mechanisms by which bumblebees adapt to high altitudes can help us to better understand their distribution, providing a basis for the future protection and utilization of bumblebee resources. For this study, the adaptive mechanisms of two dominant bumblebee species in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-Bombus kashmirensis and B. waltoni-were studied through transcriptomics methods. For each species, enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes and gene set enrichment analysis were carried out between samples collected at different altitudes (4000 m, 4500 m, and 5000 m). The results indicate that these bumblebees tend to up-regulate energy metabolism-related genes when facing extremely high-altitude environments. Of the enriched pathways up-regulated in higher altitudes, the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway presented the most severe up-regulation in multiple comparisons of different altitudes for B. kashmirensis, as well as the AMPK signaling pathway, which was found to be up-regulated in both species. Notably, limited by the extreme hypoxic conditions in this study, oxidative phosphorylation was found to be down-regulated with increasing altitude, which is uncommon in studies on bumblebee adaptation to high altitudes.

The increasing temperature with global warming will have great impacts on major cereal crop cultivation (Peng et al. 2004; Fahad et al. 2019). Among various impacts, the crop exposure to extremely high temperature, which is based on the land suitability for crop cultivation, may ultimately pose a great threat to food security.

AbstractThe latest special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2018 (Anandhi et al. 2016), estimates a 1.5 °C increase in global temperature in 2040 at the current rate of global warming. Such a rise has serious implications for major cereal crop cultivation: unless crop varieties adapted to higher temperatures become available, the areas suitable for cropping are bound to shift in the future. Therefore, to safeguard food security, we need to predict such changes in spatial and temporal terms, which can intuitively reflect the potential distribution of crops under different climate change scenarios and for different time periods, helping to reduce losses according to local conditions (Deng et al. 2009).