Land transactions such as buying, selling, and agreement-to-sell are highly vulnerable to fraud, forgery, multiple ownership claims, and unauthorized alteration of land records. Despite several government-led digitization initiatives, land administration systems in many countries continue to face transparency, trust, and integrity challenges due to centralized control, fragmented databases, and manual verification processes. In land markets, even a small manipulation in ownership data can result in severe financial losses and prolonged legal disputes.Blockchain technology, with its immutable, distributed, and time-stamped ledger mechanism, offers a promising solution to strengthen land transaction validation. By ensuring that once a transaction is recorded it cannot be altered without collective consensus, blockchain introduces a new level of trust and accountability into record management systems. This paper explores the applicability of blockchain technology for validating land buy–sale and agreement-to-sell transactions in coordination with government land record systems.A government-integrated, permissioned blockchain framework using smart contracts is proposed to reduce malpractices, prevent illegal activities, and enhance public trust in land administration. The discussion is presented in simple language and is supported by existing government initiatives and international research findings [1][3][4]. The proposed framework emphasizes blockchain as a complementary trust layer rather than a replacement for existing legal and administrative structures.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of three different intra-orifice barrier (IOB) materials – dual cure resin (DCR) cement, Giomer, and Biodentine – at two depths (3 mm and 5 mm) on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth (ETT). Methods: Thirty-five extracted single-rooted human teeth were biomechanically prepared and obturated with gutta-percha. Following obturation, specimens were randomly allocated into seven groups based on the IOB material and placement depth. Groups 1 and 2 received DCR cement at 3 mm and 5 mm, respectively; Groups 3 and 4 received Giomer at 3 mm and 5 mm; Groups 5 and 6 received Biodentine at 3 mm and 5 mm; Group 7 served as the control without any barrier. All samples were stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 1 week. Subsequently, the specimens were mounted in acrylic and subjected to vertical compressive load using a universal testing machine to determine fracture resistance. Results: All IOB groups demonstrated significantly higher fracture resistance than the control group. Among the tested materials, Biodentine yielded the highest fracture resistance, followed by Giomer and DCR cement. In addition, barriers placed at 5 mm depth showed significantly superior resistance compared to those at 3 mm. Statistical significance was confirmed using one-way analysis of variance and Post hoc Tukey tests (SPSS v23). Conclusion: IOBs enhance the fracture resistance of ETT, with greater reinforcement observed at 5 mm placement depth. Biodentine, especially at 5 mm, was the most effective material, emphasizing the benefit of deeper placement of bioactive barriers in reinforcing ETT.
The rapid expansion of the Digital India initiative has accelerated the adoption of emerging technologies aimed at improving transparency, efficiency, and trust in digital ecosystems. Among these technologies, blockchain has emerged as a transformative solution due to its decentralized, secure, and immutable nature. This review paper presents a comprehensive survey of blockchain technologies and their role in supporting Digital India’s vision. It examines the fundamental concepts of blockchain, national-level strategies such as India’s National Blockchain Framework, and real-world applications across governance, education, financial services, supply chain management, and public infrastructure. The study highlights key implementations including land record management, digital identity systems, academic credential verification, and asset tokenization. Additionally, the paper critically analyzes challenges hindering large-scale blockchain adoption in India, such as regulatory uncertainty, infrastructural limitations, skill shortages, and data privacy concerns. Finally, the review explores future prospects and research directions, emphasizing the need for robust policy frameworks, capacity building, and interoperable blockchain solutions. The findings suggest that blockchain technology has significant potential to strengthen India’s digital public infrastructure and drive inclusive, transparent, and secure digital transformation.
The rapid expansion of the Digital India initiative has accelerated the adoption of emerging technologies aimed at improving transparency, efficiency, and trust in digital ecosystems. Among these technologies, blockchain has emerged as a transformative solution due to its decentralized, secure, and immutable nature. This review paper presents a comprehensive survey of blockchain technologies and their role in supporting Digital India’s vision. It examines the fundamental concepts of blockchain, national-level strategies such as India’s National Blockchain Framework, and real-world applications across governance, education, financial services, supply chain management, and public infrastructure. The study highlights key implementations including land record management, digital identity systems, academic credential verification, and asset tokenization. Additionally, the paper critically analyzes challenges hindering large-scale blockchain adoption in India, such as regulatory uncertainty, infrastructural limitations, skill shortages, and data privacy concerns. Finally, the review explores future prospects and research directions, emphasizing the need for robust policy frameworks, capacity building, and interoperable blockchain solutions. The findings suggest that blockchain technology has significant potential to strengthen India’s digital public infrastructure and drive inclusive, transparent, and secure digital transformation.
Aim:The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of three intracanal medicaments - calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP), and Bio-C Temp - on the microhardness of root dentin. Materials and Methods:Twenty extracted mandibular premolars with single canals were decoronated and standardized to 14 mm length. Following biomechanical preparation using ProTaper rotary instruments, the specimens were randomly allocated into four groups: Ca(OH)2, MTAP, Bio-C Temp, and a control group without medicament. The medicaments were placed using a lentulospiral and the canals sealed. All samples were incubated at 37°C in 100% humidity for 14 days. Mid-root dentin discs of 2 mm thickness were obtained and microhardness was assessed using a Vickers hardness tester under a 200 g load for 15 s. Statistical Analysis:Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc pairwise comparisons. The significance level was set at 5%. Results:MTAP produced the greatest reduction in dentin microhardness, followed by Ca(OH)2, while Bio-C Temp showed the least reduction. The control group exhibited the highest values. Differences among groups were statistically significant, except between Bio-C Temp and the control group. Conclusion:Bio-C Temp preserved dentin microhardness more effectively than Ca(OH)2 and MTAP, indicating its potential as a favorable intracanal medicament with minimal adverse structural effects.
