Alterations in the microbial communities along the oral, gut, and reproductive (OGR) axis are increasingly recognized as major contributors to systemic inflammation, endocrine dysregulation, and neuroimmune pathophysiology. Scientific evidence has demonstrated that OGR dysbiosis is associated with neuroimmune signaling potentially by the leakage of lipopolysaccharides and cytokine cascades, with associated disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity, degeneration of the neurovascular unit, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and disruption of neurotransmitter balance via abnormal tryptophan metabolism. The mechanisms have been implicated in the development of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders across preclinical and human observational models. Novel microbiome-targeted approaches, including antimicrobial therapy, prebiotics, probiotics, dietary modifications, and hormone-microbiota-targeting treatment, demonstrate potential to restore microbial balance and reduce neuroinflammation, with mechanistic effects on neurotransmitter production, barrier protection, and immune tolerance. However, these effects have been demonstrated predominantly in preclinical and animal models; robust evidence from well-powered human clinical trials is currently limited. Accordingly, these approaches should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating rather than established clinical strategies, and their translation to patient care requires rigorous evaluation in controlled human trials. This review addresses the gap in understanding how dysbiosis in these interdependent microbial ecosystems transmits inflammatory and metabolic signals that impair neurophysiology. This review presents a translational perspective on OGR-axis modulation as a frontier for the prevention and management of brain disorders, integrating microbial, immune, endocrine, and neural perspectives. Exploring these insights would birth a paradigm shift from symptom-management-based brain health interventions to microbiota-specific interventions.
Despite its life-saving benefits, there is reluctance among Nigerian women and their husbands to have a caesarean section (CS) when indicated. This study assessed attitude and associated subjective norms involved in resolving whether to accept CS delivery among married men and women in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional survey. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data from 422 consenting respondents who were selected through a systematic sampling technique. Attitudinal disposition was measured on15-point rating scale; subjective norms influence was on a 27 point-rating scale and intention to accept CS was measured on 10-point-rating scale. Data were transformed from response items into weighted-aggregate scores for moderating variables. Descriptive and Multiple regression analysis was conducted. All tests were conducted at p ≤ 0.05 level of significance. The mean age of the respondents for males and females were 38.7 ± 11.6 years and 37.4 ± 9.8 years respectively. The male and female respondents had a mean score of 7.78 ± 2.82; 8.56 ± 3.08; 15.41 ± 6.97 and 13.66 ± 7.10 computed for attitudinal disposition and subjective norms respectively. About 30
This study evaluated the distribution, sources, and health risks of airborne As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in industrial, mining, and urban slum areas of Liberia. Eighty-one total suspended particulate samples were collected at source locations and at 100 m and 500 m distances. Metal concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, with multivariate analysis, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and Monte Carlo simulation applied for source apportionment and uncertainty assessment. The mining zone recorded the highest metal concentrations, including arsenic (0.102 mg/m3), lead (1.002 mg/m3), cadmium (0.016 mg/m3), and mercury (0.008 mg/m3). Metal concentrations declined significantly with distance, stabilizing at ≥100 m, where reductions of 55–80% were observed relative to the source.Non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that As, Cd, Pb, and Hg posed no significant health risk (HQ < 1) for both adults and children, although children exhibited relatively higher HQ values, suggesting greater vulnerability. Carcinogenic risks for As, Cd, and Pb remained below the permissible threshold (CR = 1.1 × 10−6–8.4 × 10−6), while Monte Carlo simulations confirmed risk stability, with exposure following the order industrial > mining > slum which reflects the differences in exposure frequency, population density, and intensity of human activities rather than concentration levels alone. Although current risks are minimal, continued unregulated emissions could pose long-term health concerns. Regular air quality monitoring and enforcing ≥100-m buffer zones around mining and industrial sites are recommended, alongside further research on seasonal and cumulative exposure pathways.
الخلفية: لا تزال الملاريا أثناء الحمل (MiP) مشكلة رئيسة للصحة العامة في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء، وتسهم بدرجة كبيرة في مراضة الأمهات وحديثي الولادة ووفياتهم. ويُعد فهم معارف الحوامل واتجاهاتهن وتصوراتهن وممارساتهن الوقائية في هذا الشأن وتعزيزها ضروريًا لتحسين الوقاية من الملاريا ومكافحتها. الأهداف: قيّمت هذه الدراسة المعارف والاتجاهات والتصورات (KAP)، إلى جانب الممارسات الوقائية المتعلقة بالملاريا أثناء الحمل، لدى الحوامل المراجعات لعيادات رعاية ما قبل الولادة في أوكيتيبوبا بولاية أوندو، نيجيريا. المنهجية: أُجريت دراسة وصفية مقطعية لدى 165 امرأة حامل يراجعن عيادات رعاية ما قبل الولادة في مرفقين صحيين بأوكيتيبوبا، باستخدام أسلوب المعاينة متعدد المراحل. واستُخدمت الإحصاءات الوصفية لتلخيص خصائص المشاركات واستجاباتهن المتعلقة بالمعارف والاتجاهات والتصورات. النتائج: بلغ متوسط عمر المشاركات 28.6 ± 5.1 سنة، وكانت أغلبهن (66.1%) بين 26 و35 سنة. وكانت معظم المشاركات تقريبًا (95.2%) قد سمعن عن الملاريا أثناء الحمل، وحددت 92.7% لدغات البعوض على نحو صحيح بوصفها وسيلة الانتقال الأساسية. وأدركت معظم المشاركات خطورة الملاريا أثناء الحمل والدور الوقائي للناموسيات المعالجة بالمبيدات (91.5%) والعلاج الوقائي المتقطع بالسلفادوكسين–بيريميثامين (83.0%). ومع ذلك، استمرت مفاهيم خاطئة بشأن انتقال الملاريا والتداوي الذاتي واستخدام العلاجات العشبية. وكانت الاتجاهات الوقائية إيجابية عمومًا، مع أن الممارسات المبلغ عنها لم تتسق دائمًا مع معارف المشاركات. الاستنتاج: أظهرت الحوامل المراجعات لعيادات رعاية ما قبل الولادة في أوكيتيبوبا معرفة جيدة عمومًا واتجاهات إيجابية تجاه الملاريا أثناء الحمل. غير أن استمرار المفاهيم الخاطئة والممارسات الوقائية والعلاجية غير الملائمة يدل على الحاجة إلى تعزيز التثقيف الصحي قبل الولادة، والتواصل الهادف إلى تغيير السلوك بما يلائم الثقافة، والمشاركة المجتمعية المستدامة لتحسين النتائج الصحية للأمهات وحديثي الولادة.
Enhancement of thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance of the conventional fluid is achieved through the utilisation of hybrid nanofluids for applications such as solar energy systems. This study aims to analyse the thermal performance of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing MoS₂ and SiO₂ nanoparticles in an Eyring–Powell fluid regime over a slippery convectively heated stretching surface simulated in the presence of quadratic thermal radiation. By implementing a set of similarity variables, the PDEs system is converted into ODEs, and then the associated system of governing nonlinear boundary layer equations is solved numerically using the bvp4c solver, a finite-difference collocation method that implements the three-stage Lobatto IIIa formula. The impact of key parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction and Nusselt number profiles is analysed graphically. Results demonstrate multiple solution branches under certain parametric thresholds, indicating bifurcation behaviour. Enhanced thermal performance is observed with increasing nanoparticle volume fractions and slip conditions, while magnetic effects exhibit a retarding influence on flow. The current finding also shows that drag friction and heat transport rate are improved by enlarging the size of the boundary layer. The study provides valuable insight into optimising thermal systems using hybrid nanofluids within non-Newtonian frameworks, particularly in solar and thermal energy applications.
