Alterations in the microbial communities along the oral, gut, and reproductive (OGR) axis are increasingly recognized as major contributors to systemic inflammation, endocrine dysregulation, and neuroimmune pathophysiology. Scientific evidence has demonstrated that OGR dysbiosis is associated with neuroimmune signaling potentially by the leakage of lipopolysaccharides and cytokine cascades, with associated disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity, degeneration of the neurovascular unit, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and disruption of neurotransmitter balance via abnormal tryptophan metabolism. The mechanisms have been implicated in the development of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders across preclinical and human observational models. Novel microbiome-targeted approaches, including antimicrobial therapy, prebiotics, probiotics, dietary modifications, and hormone-microbiota-targeting treatment, demonstrate potential to restore microbial balance and reduce neuroinflammation, with mechanistic effects on neurotransmitter production, barrier protection, and immune tolerance. However, these effects have been demonstrated predominantly in preclinical and animal models; robust evidence from well-powered human clinical trials is currently limited. Accordingly, these approaches should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating rather than established clinical strategies, and their translation to patient care requires rigorous evaluation in controlled human trials. This review addresses the gap in understanding how dysbiosis in these interdependent microbial ecosystems transmits inflammatory and metabolic signals that impair neurophysiology. This review presents a translational perspective on OGR-axis modulation as a frontier for the prevention and management of brain disorders, integrating microbial, immune, endocrine, and neural perspectives. Exploring these insights would birth a paradigm shift from symptom-management-based brain health interventions to microbiota-specific interventions.
Despite its life-saving benefits, there is reluctance among Nigerian women and their husbands to have a caesarean section (CS) when indicated. This study assessed attitude and associated subjective norms involved in resolving whether to accept CS delivery among married men and women in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional survey. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data from 422 consenting respondents who were selected through a systematic sampling technique. Attitudinal disposition was measured on15-point rating scale; subjective norms influence was on a 27 point-rating scale and intention to accept CS was measured on 10-point-rating scale. Data were transformed from response items into weighted-aggregate scores for moderating variables. Descriptive and Multiple regression analysis was conducted. All tests were conducted at p ≤ 0.05 level of significance. The mean age of the respondents for males and females were 38.7 ± 11.6 years and 37.4 ± 9.8 years respectively. The male and female respondents had a mean score of 7.78 ± 2.82; 8.56 ± 3.08; 15.41 ± 6.97 and 13.66 ± 7.10 computed for attitudinal disposition and subjective norms respectively. About 30
This study evaluated the distribution, sources, and health risks of airborne As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in industrial, mining, and urban slum areas of Liberia. Eighty-one total suspended particulate samples were collected at source locations and at 100 m and 500 m distances. Metal concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, with multivariate analysis, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and Monte Carlo simulation applied for source apportionment and uncertainty assessment. The mining zone recorded the highest metal concentrations, including arsenic (0.102 mg/m3), lead (1.002 mg/m3), cadmium (0.016 mg/m3), and mercury (0.008 mg/m3). Metal concentrations declined significantly with distance, stabilizing at ≥100 m, where reductions of 55–80% were observed relative to the source.Non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that As, Cd, Pb, and Hg posed no significant health risk (HQ < 1) for both adults and children, although children exhibited relatively higher HQ values, suggesting greater vulnerability. Carcinogenic risks for As, Cd, and Pb remained below the permissible threshold (CR = 1.1 × 10−6–8.4 × 10−6), while Monte Carlo simulations confirmed risk stability, with exposure following the order industrial > mining > slum which reflects the differences in exposure frequency, population density, and intensity of human activities rather than concentration levels alone. Although current risks are minimal, continued unregulated emissions could pose long-term health concerns. Regular air quality monitoring and enforcing ≥100-m buffer zones around mining and industrial sites are recommended, alongside further research on seasonal and cumulative exposure pathways.
Sabinene (SAB) is a monoterpene hydrocarbon found in various essential oils, known for its neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. However, its effect on cognitive functions remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the memory-enhancing and nootropic effects of SAB in mice. Herewith, groups 1 and 2 received normal saline; groups 3–5 were pretreated with SAB (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) alone, while mice in group 6 received donepezil (DPZ) (1 mg/kg) orally. Additionally, mice in groups 2–6 were treated with scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after each treatment with SAB, respectively, for 14 days. Behavioral tests, like novel-object recognition and Y-maze tests to evaluate cognitive function and motor activity, were employed. Biochemical assays were conducted to measure neurotransmitter levels, molybdenum-containing enzymes, oxidative stress, and nitrergic markers in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Treatments with SAB (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) improved spatial and non-spatial working memory on cognitive tests but were associated with reduced motor reactivity. SAB improved glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels in the PFC and hippocampus compared to scopolamine. SAB alone significantly increased glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels and reduced catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and acetylcholinesterase activities in the PFC and hippocampus, respectively. SAB reduced aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase, while DPZ lowered sulphite oxidase in the PFC and hippocampus relative to the controls, respectively. This study suggests SAB improves cognitive performance and reverses scopolamine-induced memory decline by enhancing antioxidant systems, cholinergic transmission, and molybdenum-containing enzymes.
