The results of a comparative assessment during the tests of the Acros 595 Plus and T-500 combine harvesters on agrotechnical and operational-technological indicators are presented. The research was conducted at one of the agricultural enterprises located in the southern zone of the Amur region. An analysis of the quality of the technological process is presented by the corresponding combines aggregated with ZhSU-900 harvesters. It is shown that these machines perform high-quality harvesting operations according to the main indicators in the range of operating speeds up to 6.3–6.7 km/h: from the condition of losses behind the harvester – no more than 3% and total losses behind the combine – no more than 4%. Differences were recorded in the level of actual total losses during harvesting (1.2% less for the T-500) and in the level of crushing of soybean grain (1.49% more for the T-500). This can be explained by the operators' failure to comply with the recommendations of the operational documentation on setting the operating parameters of the harvester and thresher for harvesting soybeans. The compared combine harvesters with drum threshers in the process of harvesting soybeans for seeds cannot ensure the quality of soybean grain that meets the requirements for seed material. The authors propose the creation of a soybean harvester based on the modernization of a combine harvester with a two-drum threshing scheme of the T-500 type, two-stream cleaning and an automatic control system for its parameters. Such a combine harvester will ensure the direct production of seed grain, which can be used for sowing without further work.
The article presents the results of studying the formation of spring wheat yield and grain quality depending on the hydrothermal conditions and the level of mineral nutrition in the crop. It was found that the maximum increase in the tillering phase occurs when N60P30 is applied, and the maximum increase in mobile phosphorus and potassium occurs when the organo-mineral fertilizer system is applied. The highest removal of nutrients was recorded when N60P30 was applied, followed by the use of an organo-mineral fertilizer system and nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of N30 (in the 3rd and 5th crops of the crop rotation). Applying nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of N30 resulted in the maximum increase in dry matter in the 3rd crop of the crop rotation. In the 5th crop, nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer N60P30 increased the yield by 2,58 centners per hectare above the control (with an HCP05 of 1,28 centners per hectare). The negative weather conditions in 2021 during the tillering-stem elongation phase reduced the grain yield to 1,74–2,02 t/ha in the control variant, which was confirmed by the paired correlation between the grain yield of spring wheat and the average monthly air temperature in June (the correlation coefficient was minus 0.88). In the favorable year of 2020, the highest yield was obtained (3,25–4,16 t/ha), but with a low mass fraction of gluten in the grain compared to other years studied. A statistically significant increase in grain gluten content (by 5,7 percentage points relative to the control variant) was observed in the variant with N30 application in the 3rd crop of the crop rotation (on average for 2019–2023), and in the 5th crop (on average for 2021–2023) with the use of N60P30 (by 6,8 percentage points higher compared to the control).
Для стимулирования развития инфраструктуры по сбору, сортировке и переработке отходов с 2015 года Федеральным законом от 29 декабря 2014 года № 458-ФЗ была внедрена программа «Расширенной ответственности производителей», которая подразумевает регулярную уплату экологических сборов для производителей и импортеров товаров и упаковки. В статье рассматриваются альтернативные пути оптимизации экосборов на производственном предприятии для последующего финансового планирования и перераспределения высвобождаемых денежных средств. In order to stimulate the development of infrastructure for waste collection, sorting and recycling, since 2015, Federal Law No. 458-FZ of December 29, 2014 introduced the "Extended Producer Responsibility" program, which implies regular payment of environmental fees for manufacturers and importers of goods and packaging. The article discusses alternative ways to optimize eco-collections at a manufacturing enterprise for subsequent financial planning and redistribution of released funds.
Обоснование. Соя – экономически важная культура, применяемая в различных отраслях промышленности, от питания людей до кормления животных. Создание новых сортов с повышенным содержанием белка или же с определённым их субъединичным составом, более подходящим для пищевых и кормовых целей, является актуальным направлением для исследований. В данном исследовании проведен анализ дифференциальной экспрессии генов глицининов и β-конглицининов в семенах различных сортов сои (Glycine max [L.] Merr) на разных стадиях созревания (R5-R8). Глицинины и β-конглицинины составляют значительную часть белка, содержащегося в соевых бобах, играют важную роль в проростании семян и обеспечивают биотическую защиту. В исследования были проанализированы высокобелковые (Невеста и Статная), и низкобелковые (Гармония и Даурия) сорта. Цель. Провести дифференциальный анализ экспрессии генов глицининов и β-конглицинов в различные фазы налива и созревания семян (R5-R8) сортов сои селекции ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВНИИ сои с повышенным и пониженным содержанием белка. Материалы и методы. Подбор праймеров для анализа генов глицининов (Gy1-5 и Gy7) и β-конглицининов (Cg1 и Cg3-4) проводился с использованием программного обеспечения, позволяющего добиться высокой специфичности и отсутствия вторичных структур (димеров, шпилек), из РНК, выделенной из семян, была получена кДНК, используя необходимые наборы реагентов, амплификация фрагментов и их детекция проводилась на термоциклере CFX-96 в режиме реального времени. Результаты. Были разработаны праймеры подходящие для анализа уровня экспрессии генов, кодирующих разные субъединицы глицининов и β-конглицининов. Получены транскриптомные профиля исследуемых суюъединиц. Заключение. Результаты показали, что высокобелковые сорта демонстрируют повышенную экспрессию генов глицининов на ранних стадиях развития, тогда как низкобелковые отличаются повышенной экспрессией генов β-конглицининов. Это открывает перспективы для использования данных о экспрессии генов при селекции новых сортов сои, а также может помочь в оптимизации сроков сбора сои для производства продуктов питания, зависящих от определенного субъединичного состава белков. Информация о спонсорстве. Исследование выполнено в рамках темы научно-исследовательской работы № 082-3-2023-0007. EDN: ASXKXX
The purpose of the study is to evaluate grain proteins of Amur soybean varieties for tryptophan content. Task: selection of the most suitable soybean varieties for creating functional products. The objects of the study are 26 soybean varieties created by breeders of the Federal Scientific Center All-Russian Research Institute of Soybeans (Amur Region) over the past few years, included in the register of breeding achievements and zoned both in the region and beyond. Chemical analysis of soybeans was carried out in the laboratory for processing agricultural products of the All-Russian Research Institute of Soybeans using the Kapel-205 capillary electrophoresis system (Lumex, Russia). The studied varieties were grown in the experimental fields of the laboratory of selection and primary seed production (the village of Sadovoe, Tambov District, Amur Region). The largest amount of protein was observed in soybean grain of the Sentyabrinka variety (42.3 %), the smallest in the MK 100 and Alena varieties (38.4 %). The content of tryptophan in the protein of soybean grains of Amur varieties ranges from 0.99 to 1.21 g/100 g of protein. The best indicators for tryptophan content were noted for the varieties of All-Russian Research Institute of Soybean Husbandry – 18 (1.21 g) and Nevesta (1.17 g). Only one of the studied varieties, Sentyabrinka, has less than 1 g of tryptophan (0.99 g) in its protein composition. In 25 varieties, the tryptophan content in grain protein exceeds the FAO/WHO standard (1 g/100 g protein), which means that these soybean varieties are well suited for creating food products. Also, the best indicators for creating functional products taking into account the medicinal properties of tryptophan are soybean varieties of All-Russian Research Institute of Soybean Husbandry – 18, Nevesta, Zolotnitsa, Zhuravushka and Persona.
