Currently, the social, economic, and moral problems of the "consumer society" are increasingly being explored. The article discusses the postulate that the economic behavior of modern society is greatly facilitated by the mass media, which were originally created to form an idea of "correct behavior", about fashion, about cultural preferences, and for some time now the media have begun to guide the "economic behavior" of an individual. By analyzing the content of the leading media, the paper proves that the development of industrial production required the dissemination of information about goods; corporate communication projects appeared in mass media, and in the last half century all publications have been advertising goods and services; it was the media that made the process of purchasing goods as convenient as possible, which proves the close connection between mass communication and the emergence of a "consumer society".
The article examines the limits of credit institutions' discretion in applying a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing. It considers the grounds for assessing suspicious transactions, the evidentiary value of client documents, and the criteria governing the choice of restrictive measures. Particular attention is paid to distinguishing established facts from a bank's professional judgment, reviewing decisions that affect the client's entire payment activity, and reassessing previously assigned risk profiles. The article substantiates the need for manual review of transactions supported by a legitimate economic rationale, independent consideration of client objections, and correction of internal records following the removal of restrictions. It concludes that the permissible scope of banking discretion depends on the factual basis of the decision, the proportionality of the intervention, and the availability of subsequent review.
In the context of the need to transition to sustainable models of production and consumption, the development of a circular economy becomes a key factor in the sustainable growth of small businesses in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the conceptual framework and develop proposals for the implementation of circular economy principles in small business management. The methodology is based on the analysis of regulatory and analytical sources, international experience, as well as the use of system and comparative approaches. The research identifies key elements of the circular economy model adapted to the conditions of small businesses in Kazakhstan, reveals barriers and drivers for the implementation of circular practices, and proposes recommendations for their integration into business models. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the proposed approaches in developing state policy to support small businesses and in implementing corporate strategies for sustainable development.
There are various methods for teaching software development. Each of them involves the use of various tools. The article distinguishes two groups of languages used for teaching programming: educational and general-purpose. Educational languages are languages that were specially developed for educational purposes, for example, Prolog-D. They have a simple and clear syntax, but are limited in capabilities, and subsequent transition to practical development may require additional skills. At the same time, learning general-purpose languages, such as Java, initially provides all the necessary applied skills but may be too difficult for beginners. The article provides a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of using languages from these groups when mastering the fundamentals of software development. The article briefly describes the idea of a Global programming language, which serves as an intermediate link in translating program text between different languages. The possibility of using a Global language as an entry point for teaching programming is demonstrated. The advantages of this approach are discussed, including: the Global language has a simple and concise syntax due to the specifics of its purpose; a method for visually comparing algorithm implementations in different programming paradigms is provided; it is possible to insert program text in different languages, i. e., to seamlessly transition to the required general-purpose language; and it is possible to run the resulting program on various devices by converting its text to a supported target language. The article provides an example of the problem of determining whether a point belongs to a polygon, the solution code for which is automatically translated from the Global Language into Prolog, C, and Java using the method of universal extended syntax trees. The advantages of using the Global Language as the initial named language are discussed, despite the fact that it can only be used for translating program texts, while another language can be selected as the initial language. Specifically, the Global Language is specifically designed with a laconic and generalized syntax. Such knowledge will help in the future to fully understand the operation of the method of universal extended syntax trees, which will allow, for example, when creating a custom language, to implement translation into the Global Language and vice versa, thereby enabling its rapid integration with various software products. For example, it will be possible to immediately connect and use any ready-made libraries.
целью исследования являются развитие теории и разработка алгоритма прогнозирования событий на рынке финансовых активов на основе использования фондовых индексов в рамках реализации программы «Make Your Own Stock Index». Методы: для достижения цели в представленном исследовании используются общенаучные методы сравнения, сопоставления, системного анализа и специальный метод визуализации информации – метод многомерного шкалирования. Результаты: результатом выполненной исследовательской работы стало обоснование целесообразности применения при прогнозировании событий на финансовом рынке инновационной стратегии – целенаправленная разработка пары фондовых индексов в рамках реализации программы «Make Your Own Stock Index» и сравнение динамики изменения их значений с использованием методологии многомерного шкалирования. Выводы: методологическим основанием для решения практически важной задачи прогнозирования событий на финансовом рынке может стать новация, которую статья вносит в научный оборот, – построение пар собственных фондовых индексов и сравнение динамики изменения их значений с использованием методологии многомерного шкалирования для анализа рынка. the purpose of the study is to develop a theory and an algorithm for predicting events in the financial asset market based on the use of stock indices as part of the "Make Your Own Stock Index" program. Methods: To achieve the goal, the presented study uses general scientific methods of comparison, correlation, and system analysis, as well as a special method for visualizing information: multidimensional scaling. Results: the result of the research work was the justification of the expediency of using an innovative strategy in forecasting events in the financial market – the purposeful development of a pair of stock indices as part of the implementation of the “Make Your Own Stock Index” program and the comparison of the dynamics of changes in their values using the methodology of multidimensional scaling. Conclusions: the innovation that the article introduces into scientific circulation – the construction of pairs of own stock indices and the comparison of the dynamics of changes in their values using the methodology of multidimensional scaling for market analysis – can serve as a methodological basis for solving the practically important task of forecasting events in the financial market.
