Dharamsinh Desai University

Nilotinib, is used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has poor solubility and low oral bioavailability, limiting its therapeutic potential. This study aimed to develop and optimize a solid lipid nanosuspension (SLN) of nilotinib to enhance its solubility, dissolution rate, and intestinal permeability. A Nilotinib–soya lecithin–PVP K30 complex was formulated into a nanosuspension using the solvent–antisolvent precipitation method with Polysorbate 80 as the stabilizer. A central composite design evaluated the effect of surfactant concentration and homogenization speed on critical quality attributes such as drug release, particle size, and permeability. The optimized SLN exhibited nanosized, spherical particles with enhanced solubility, dissolution, and permeability compared to pure drug and conventional nanosuspension. Thermal and X-ray analyses confirmed partial amorphization, contributing to improved solubility and dissolution. In vitro dissolution studies demonstrated > 90

This study presents a modified version of the Animated Oat Algorithm (AOA), enhanced through the integration of chaotic maps, termed the Chaotic Animated Oat Algorithm (CAOA). Inspired by the seed dispersal mechanisms of the oat plant, AOA offers a population-based metaheuristic framework suitable for complex global optimization tasks. The proposed CAOA was evaluated across four real-world engineering optimization problems: pressure vessel design, bolted rim coupling, gear train cost minimization, and robot gripper arm weight reduction. Results demonstrate that CAOA consistently outperforms traditional and state-of-the-art metaheuristics in terms of solution quality, convergence stability, and robustness, affirming its potential for widespread engineering applications.

In India, Leaf diseases are a main cause of reduced crop productivity. In this paper, we focus on the detection and classification of cotton leaf diseases. We captured the infected leaf diseased images from the agricultural field Anand. We considered totally 105 images of three diseases namely Alternaria leaf spots (35 images), Bacterial blight (35 images), and Nitrogen deficiency (35 images). The captured images were used as image pre-processing. We considered the different background of the images such as cream, sky blue, with shadow and without shadow etc. So, the background of the images was removed from the images as required for the image pre-processing step. Modified TSAI technique was used for background removal. After images were pre-processed, image segmentation step was performed. In image segmentation, color image segmentation and binary segmentation techniques were performed. Using image color segmentation, green pixels were masked and omitted from the image. Otsu method was used for binary image segmentation. A binary image was used to mask the image, and the mask image was used to image and color texture features. The features were extracted and classified using a library support vector machine—LIBSVM multiclass SVM toolbox. With a cost value of 12 and gamma value of 0.03 the technique provided 96

Introduction: For the best restorative material to reduce microleakage, a strong seal at the tooth surface–restoration interface is crucial. It has been shown that the atraumatic restorative technique in conjunction with glass ionomer cement (GIC) works well for both permanent and deciduous teeth with single surface cavities. However, because secondary caries is so common, atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) is not generally accepted. To overcome the limitation of ART, the silver-modified ART (SMART) method was put forth. Materials and Methods: In Group A, 15 premolar teeth were prepped and treated with hybrid GIC forte, while in Group B, 15 premolar teeth were treated with 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) before treatment was done with hybrid GIC forte. After being thermocycled, the teeth were submerged in methylene blue for a whole day. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally in the buccolingual direction, examined under a stereomicroscope and assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-square tests. Khera and Chan’s criteria were used to assess sealing ability or microleakage. Results: Group B (GIC Equia forte + SDF-38%) exhibited significantly lower mean microleakage scores (0.6 ± 0.74) than Group A alone (1.53 ± 0.99, P < 0.05). Group B had more zero-leakage samples (8/15) and no maximum-severity score 3 leakage, unlike Group A. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this investigation, Group A exhibited the highest microleakage, followed by Group B. Samples treated with SDF-treated dentin showed the least amount of leakage, improved sealing capacity and greater consistency.

Quality by Design (QbD) has evolved from a regulatory aspiration into a foundational scientific framework for the development of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), including lipid-based nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), liposomes, and mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platforms. Rooted in the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Q8-Q12 guideline series, QbD replaces traditional quality-by-testing paradigms with a systematic, risk-based approach built around the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP), Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), Critical Process Parameters (CPPs), Design of Experiments (DoE), design space definition, and lifecycle-oriented control strategies. This review integrates the pharmaceutical science underlying QbD implementation in NDDS - including formulation optimization, risk-assessment tools, and process analytical technology (PAT) - with the regulatory affairs perspective governing its application, spanning FDA and EMA expectations, post-approval change management under ICH Q12, and unresolved translational gaps for complex nanopharmaceuticals. Representative case studies across lipid nanosystems, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanoemulsion-based ocular delivery illustrate practical QbD implementation. The review concludes with a discussion of emerging directions, including artificial-intelligence-assisted design-space modelling and analytical QbD (AQbD), and highlights the continuing need for harmonized regulatory frameworks specific to nanopharmaceutical complexity. Keywords: Quality by Design; ICH Q8-Q12; novel drug delivery systems; nanopharmaceuticals; Design of Experiments; Critical Quality Attributes; regulatory affairs; pharmaceutical development