Carbon nanodots were synthesized from Chaenomeles speciosa flowers and comprehensively characterized. UV–Vis analysis revealed a broad absorption band from 200 to 400 nm, attributed to π→π* (200–250 nm) and n→π* (250–350 nm) transitions, while fluorescence under 365 nm excitation showed bright blue emission. HRTEM images indicated spherical nanoparticles forming clustered aggregates, with lattice fringes exhibiting interplanar spacings of 0.091–0.093 nm, confirming a partially graphitic structure. XRD analysis showed a broad amorphous baseline in the 10–40° 2θ range, indicating low crystallinity. FTIR and XPS analyses identified abundant surface –OH, C = O, and C–O groups, with elemental composition of C 68.28
The diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in children is challenging due to high rates of asymptomatic colonization and the limited ability of available assays to differentiate colonization from true infection. The relative utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) versus stool toxin A/B detection by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) remains uncertain in pediatric practice. This study aimed to evaluate whether stool toxin A/B detection adds incremental clinical value among children with gastrointestinal multiplex PCR positivity for C. difficile toxin genes (tcdA/tcdB) by comparing risk factors, treatment decisions, and outcomes according to toxin status. This retrospective observational study included 103 pediatric patients (< 18 years) with PCR positive for C. difficile toxin genes (tcdA/tcdB) results at a tertiary children’s hospital between October 2022 and April 2025. Patients were categorized into three groups: stool toxin A/B not evaluated, stool toxin A/B negative, and stool toxin A/B positive. Demographics, risk factors, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment decisions, and outcomes were compared across stool toxin A/B groups. Of the 103 patients, 26 (25.2
Although the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is increasingly used for the treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms, including in the acute rupture setting, comparative evidence assessing the impact of rupture status remains limited. This study compared angiographic, safety, and clinical outcomes between ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with WEB. We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the multicenter cohort registry WorldWideWEB, including consecutive adult patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with the WEB. Patients were stratified into groups of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics between both groups. Retreatment rate was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included mRS, safety events (thromboembolic complications) and angiographic outcomes (periprocedurally and last follow-up). Among 1,220 patients, 342 (28.0
Sustainability is paramount in modern cellular networks, which face significant energy consumption challenges from rising mobile traffic and advancements in wireless technology. Cell-switching, well-established in literature as an effective solution, encounters limitations such as inadequate capacity and limited coverage when implemented through terrestrial networks (TN). This study enhances cell-switching by integrating nonterrestrial networks (NTN)—including satellites (used for cellswitching for the first time), high altitude platform stations (HAPS), and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs)—into TN. This integration significantly boosts energy savings by expanding capacity, enhancing coverage, and increasing operational flexibility. We introduce a multi-tier cell-switching approach that dynamically offloads users across network layers to manage energy effectively and minimize delays, accommodating diverse user demands with a context-aware strategy. Additionally, we explore the role of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative AI (GenAI), in optimizing network efficiency through data compression, handover optimization between different network layers, and enhancing device compatibility, further improving the adaptability and energy efficiency of cell-switching operations. A case study confirms substantial improvements in network power consumption and user satisfaction, demonstrating the potential of our approach for future networks.
Abstract Purpose The Syrian civil war has created a profound refugee crisis, with millions, especially children, seeking refuge in neighboring countries. These children face a high risk of malnutrition, a critical public health issue. This study aims to systematically review and synthesize the existing literature on the prevalence and types of malnutrition among Syrian refugee children in Turkey and neighboring countries. Methods This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, TR Dizin, and the YÖK National Thesis Center databases was performed for studies published between January 2011 and August 15, 2024. Search terms included “Syrian refugee,” “child,” “malnutrition,” “stunting,” “wasting,” and “anemia.” Included studies underwent a methodological quality assessment using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) adapted for cross-sectional studies. Results Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings reveal that chronic malnutrition (stunting) and anemia are more prevalent among Syrian refugee children than acute malnutrition (wasting). Stunting prevalence in studies from Turkey ranged from 14.7% to 31.7%. Anemia was also a significant concern, with reported rates as high as 48.4%. The quality assessment showed variable quality, with most studies carrying a risk of bias in the “Comparability” domain. Malnutrition rates were generally higher among children living outside of camps. Conclusion While acute malnutrition appears to be largely controlled, chronic nutritional problems such as stunting and anemia persist as significant public health challenges for Syrian refugee children. These findings underscore the urgent need for long-term, sustainable public health interventions that focus on maternal and child health services, continuous nutritional surveillance, and targeted support programs for this vulnerable population.
