In this paper, a new numerical scheme for optimal control of jump-diffusion model is proposed by using stohastic Runge-Kutta (SRK) method. After discretizing the problem with the SRK method, optimality conditions are obtained by using the discretize-then-optimize approach. It is shown that the constructed numerical scheme is similar to the continuous optimality conditions obtained by using the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations. Moreover, a numerical scheme for control problems of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) with jump is presented as a simple version of jump diffusion equations. Some numerical examples are chosen to show the efficiency of the theoretical results.
The profust reliability is based on fuzzy state assumption for the system under concern and uses probability measure in reliability evaluation. In this study, the profust reliability of the parallel system that consists of non-identical components is considered by defining an appropriate membership function which depends on the number of failed components. The profust reliability of the system follows a mixture model. Age-based replacement policy is also studied and necessary conditions are obtained for the existence of the finite and unique optimal replacement time.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare disease characterized by the inability of the kidney to respond to vasopressin and concentrate urine. Hereditary NDI is primarily caused by mutations in the arginine vasopressin receptor-2 (AVPR2) gene, which enables the response to antidiuretic hormone. Mutations may lead to misfolding of the mutant AVPR2 protein or its retention within the Endoplasmic reticulum of the cell. Therefore, patients cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone and concentrate urine. Consequently, in untreated patients severe dehydration and hypernatremia may occur depending on the severity of the disease. Low-sodium and protein diet, using thiazide diuretics, and amiloride treatment are the conventional and standard treatments for NDI. Besides, many in vitro functional analysis studies have been focused on pharmacological chaperones for restoring function of NDI-causing AVPR2 mutants. Vaptans, which are known as vasopressin receptor antagonists and also pharmacological chaperones, are among the current and controversial topics for developing new treatment strategies for NDI. This study aims to review the in vitro studies on vaptans which are targeted to restore expression and function of mutant AVPR2s that cause NDI and highlight the importance of their effectiveness according to the type of mutation.
Cement production is considered a priority area in energy efficiency studies due to its high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately two-thirds of this energy is used in the grinding process of raw materials and clinker. In studies aimed at increasing clinker grinding efficiency, determining the optimum grinding conditions and utilizing grinding aids (GAs) have emerged as key considerations. GAs play a crucial role in the cement industry, as they enhance energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions during the clinker grinding process. In this study, the focus is on the effects of grinding conditions such as mill size, feed (milled material) size and quantity, rotational speed, and the effects of GAs on clinker grindability. In this context, a detailed analysis of the existing literature was conducted to examine the impact of both grinding conditions and GA performance on both grinding efficiency and CO2 release. The main aspects discussed include grinding conditions, the mechanism of action of GAs, types, particle flow characteristics, and changes in product properties. This comprehensive literature review aims to provide essential information on grinding conditions and GA technology for cement researchers and additive manufacturing professionals.
This study analysed the epistemic practice demands (EPDs) in T & uuml;rkiye's 2018 and 2024 biology curricula. The study introduced a novel taxonomy of EPDs that captures the diversity and complexity of epistemic practices expected in classroom instruction. This taxonomy was grounded exclusively in the EPDs present in the analysed Turkish biology curricula rather than aiming to represent the full range of epistemic practices discussed in the broader science education literature. Findings revealed that the 2024 curricula significantly expanded the repertoire of identifiable EPDs (52 vs. 18 in 2018), suggesting a stronger curricular signalling of science-as-practice; however, epistemic diversity was interpreted not merely as a greater number of codes but as the distribution of learning outcomes across complexity levels. However, despite a broader repertoire of EPDs, the distribution remained concentrated at lower complexity levels, and the depth and integration of high-leverage practices (e.g. argumentation, research planning) remained limited, suggesting potential epistemic tokenism (e.g. the nominal inclusion of advanced epistemic practices that appear only sparsely in the curriculum and thus lack meaningful instructional integration). Most outcomes clustered at lower complexity levels, with higher-order demands under-represented. The study concludes with implications for scaffolding EPDs and aligning assessments with deeper epistemic engagement.
