The Baltic International Academy (Latvian: Baltijas Starptautiskā akadēmija, Russian: Балтийская международная академия) is the largest degree-awarding tertiary educational institution in Latvia teaching primarily in the Russian language and the largest non-government higher education establishment in the Baltic countries. It was established in 1992 as the Baltic Russian Institute (Latvian: Baltijas Krievu institūts, Russian: Балтийский русский институт). It adopted its current name in 2006. The academy has its main campus in Riga and has locations in Daugavpils, Liepāja, Rēzekne, Jēkabpils, Ventspils, Smiltene and Jelgava. It has 4,500 students, including 450 foreign students from 15 countries.
The institutional-sociological approach views the economy as a system in which the relationships between economic entities are shaped by economic and non-economic factors. Technical and economic factors play an exceptional role in this system. The concept of 'institution' is interpreted very broadly and includes the state, corporations, trade unions, competition, monopolies, taxes, sustainable ways of thinking and legal norms. Those who subscribe to the institutional approach are united by a characteristic methodological principle: an expansive interpretation of the subject of economic theory, otherwise known as the interdisciplinary approach. Unlike the classical school, this school of economic thought focuses not on the processes of production and circulation, but on the system of economic organisation and management, as well as social and historical aspects. According to its proponents, the economy is a playing field. The final outcome of this 'game' is determined by the 'institutions', or parameters, that exist within it. By adjusting these parameters, it is possible to influence the behaviour of the 'players' (who make economic decisions independently). Using the example of the Baltic states and other small European economies, the authors use neo-institutional theory to substantiate the problems associated with the macroeconomic development of small countries. This is because the conditions for economic growth have changed, with intangible costs becoming the most important and determining factor in the development of many EU countries.
The aim of the article is to identify trends and key research directions in the field of pharmaceutical supply chain formation through structural-trend and bibliometric analysis of scientific publications. Analytical tools from scientometric databases Scopus and Web of Science, GoogleTrends, and VOSviewer were used to conduct the research. The number of publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science in the field of pharmaceutical supply chain formation is increasing at a high rate every year. The popularity of this issue grows in conditions of instability (pandemics, disasters, trade wars between countries). The leaders in the number of publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science are the USA, the United Kingdom, China, and India. The problems of pharmaceutical supply chain formation are actively researched by institutions in India, the United Kingdom, and Iran. Visualization of the network map of keywords based on bibliographic data made it possible to identify 7 clusters that characterize the key research areas in the field of pharmaceutical supply chain formation: supply chain, sustainable development, optimization, pharmaceutical industry, management, blockchain, influencing factors. The most cited publications in Scopus and Web of Science are devoted to the use of blockchain technology, ensuring the resilience and reliability of supply chains, and greening of supply chains. The drivers of pharmaceutical supply chain development are: ensuring resilience, implementing innovations, digitalization, and sustainable development.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into recruitment is reshaping human resource management, including the transport and logistics sector. Tools such as automated CV screening, predictive hiring models, and AI-based interview analytics improve efficiency and transparency, yet raise concerns about fairness, trust, and human oversight. This study assesses readiness for AI-mediated recruitment among youth (students and early-career individuals) and professionals in the Baltic states. The research includes: (1) a validated survey instrument, (2) an empirical survey of 600 young respondents from Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, and (3) a pilot study with 30 professionals aged 25–50. Analysis focused on digital competence, attitudes, and readiness, including trust and support needs. Preliminary results show higher AI confidence among Estonian participants, while Latvian and Lithuanian respondents emphasize fairness and human oversight. The study highlights readiness gaps and offers recommendations for universities, HR practitioners, and policymakers, providing one of the first comparative analyses of AI recruitment readiness in the Baltic transport and logistics sector.
The object of the study is the financial inclusion in EU countries in the context of macroeconomic and digital development. The problem of quantitatively assessing this relationship in a broad cross-country context has been solved. The following results were obtained: – a significant cross-country divergence was identified in the level of digitalization of the financial sector, the development of ICT (information and communication technologies) infrastructure, and financial inclusion, which forms fundamentally different starting conditions for the implementation of open banking; – a strong positive correlation was established between the level of banking digitalization and the composite financial inclusion index (Pearson’s coefficient +0.894); – an increase in the banking digitalization index by one point leads to an average increase in the composite financial inclusion index by 0.498 points (p < 0.001); – for “leader” countries, the average banking digitalization index was 82.4; for countries with “medium potential” – 61.8; for countries with “basic challenges” – 48.1. The obtained results are explained by the fact that technological development of the financial sector creates prerequisites for reducing transaction costs and the emergence of innovative, non-territorially bound services. The specific features of the results lie in proving the differentiated potential of open banking: for “leader” countries, for countries with “medium potential”, for countries with “basic challenges”. The practical significance of the study lies in providing regulators and financial institutions with quantitatively grounded conclusions for developing differentiated strategies that take into account the level of readiness of the national ecosystem
The article problematises the way in which Ukrainian public administration is responding to the European Union’s financial-sector regulatory decisions in the course of 2026–2027. The authors show that what is at stake is not a single integration “window” but a cascade of four windows with distinct deadlines: the closure of MiCA transitional regimes by 1 July 2026; the rollout of the European Digital Identity Wallet by December 2026; the expected adoption of the digital euro Regulation during 2026 with pilots in 2027–2028; and the continuous annual cycle of DORA with the recurring update of the list of critical ICT third-party providers. The article puts forward the concept of “asymmetric regulatory import” – a condition in which the Ukrainian financial sector is in everyday practice subjected to European requirements (through cloud providers, correspondent relations and access to SWIFT-equivalent rails) without formal membership and without representation in the European discussions concerned. Drawing on the practice of private banking in Luxembourg and on the legal construction of equivalence regimes, the article outlines a model of a sequence of Ukrainian normative decisions – from the SEPA package endorsed by the Cabinet of Ministers on 17 December 2025 to DORA-compatible standards of the National Bank of Ukraine – and demonstrates that this sequence is a natural substantive filling of the political formula “before, not instead of”, articulated in the Ukrainian expert debate of spring 2026
