Flash boiling (FB) injection offers substantial potential for improved atomization and reduced emissions, while multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) act as catalytic additives that enhance fuel reactivity and heat transfer. This study investigates the combined effects of FB and MWCNTs on spray morphology, flame propagation, and soot formation in a constant volume combustion chamber using iso-octane as a gasoline surrogate. FB narrowed the spray angle (-9.36%) and reduced penetration (-10.23%) and width (-14.08%) due to plume collapse. In contrast, MWCNTs widened the angle (+8.51% under subcooled (SC)), increased penetration (+1.74% SC, +27.78% FB), and drastically reduced spray width (-76.47% under FB). Together, FB and MWCNTs improved atomization and evaporation, yielding narrower spray cores, deeper penetration, and wider dispersion of fine droplets. Flame analysis showed faster development under FB, with flame radius and speed increasing by 12.68% and 13.9%. MWCNTs further accelerated propagation. Flames under combined FB-MWCNT conditions displayed dominant blue/green luminosity, reflecting enhanced mixture homogeneity and reduced sooting. Soot characterization revealed that FB and MWCNTs enlarged aggregate area and radius of gyration while reducing primary particle diameter (-46.21% median) and fractal dimension, producing open, branched structures of finer particulates. Overall, the synergy of FB and MWCNTs enhances mixture preparation, accelerates combustion, and shift soot morphology toward finer primary particles and more open, chain-like aggregates, which are indicative of inhibited particle growth and enhanced oxidation potential, offering a pathway toward cleaner and more efficient GDI technologies.
This comprehensive review presents a thorough examination of recent advances in nanoemulsion (NE) green technology, focusing on biomass-assisted synthesis, characterization, and the diverse biomedical implications of these nanoscale emulsions. NEs, characterized by their minute droplet sizes and kinetic stability, have garnered considerable attention due to their potential applications across various biomedical fields. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art synthesis methods, including mini-emulsion polymerization, NE–solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, sol–gel techniques, and innovative strategies for producing complex multicomponent materials. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of synthetic approaches, offering insights into the current landscape of NE production. In exploring the biomedical applications, the study categorizes nanocarriers formed within NEs, distinguishing between polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanocarriers based on their chemical composition. Noteworthy advancements in synthetic strategies are outlined for each category, showcasing the dynamic nature of NEs technology. A key highlight is the discussion of emerging trends in biomedical applications, spanning medicine, food, agriculture, cosmetics, and environmental science. Specific attention is given to the role of NEs in nanofiltration, elucidating their effectiveness in removing diverse pharmaceuticals through polyamide nano-filters. Moreover, the manuscript delves into the pivotal role of NEs in bioremediation, addressing hazardous substances such as PFASs through adsorption, photo-degradation/defluorination, and other innovative mechanisms. This review aims to provide a contemporary overview of green NE technologies, offering valuable insights for researchers, scientists, and practitioners in nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical sciences.
'Barhi' dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are highly prized and widely consumed at the khalal stage, but they are only available for a short time, which highlights the importance of extending their storage life. This study examined the effectiveness of edible coatings in delaying ripening and maintaining fruit quality during cold storage (2 degrees C). The treatments tested were gelatin alone or gelatin combined with chitosan, Aloe vera gel (AVG), or gum arabic, and applied in a layer-by-layer (LbL) approach. A fifth treatment consisting of deionized water was used as a reference untreated control. The fruit parameters measured included weight loss, decay, moisture content, ripening (rutab transformation), firmness, color (lightness and hue angle), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, total sugars, total polyphenols, and enzymatic activity. Results indicated that the LbL edible coating was more effective in preserving postharvest quality. Regarding weight loss and decay rate, the results showed that the control treatment consistently had 1.5-5-fold higher deterioration indicators than the coated fruits. Among the tested treatments, the gum arabic and gelatin coating was the most effective compared to the untreated control, reducing weight loss by over 40%, lowering decay by approximately 80%, and maintaining significantly higher moisture content throughout storage. Concerning carotenoid levels, the untreated fruits exhibited approximately 1.2-1.4-fold higher carotenoid content than the coated fruits. Fruits treated with gum arabic and gelatin exhibited the best preservation effect Sby limiting TSS increase and maintaining higher TA compared with the control. This treatment best maintained antioxidant capacity and phenolic content while significantly suppressing the activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. Overall, the LbL coating strategy successfully maintained the quality of 'Barhi' dates by mitigating oxidative and enzymatic degradation throughout storage. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated that treatments gum arabic and gelatin exhibited superior effectiveness in extending the date storage life in terms of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity, followed by chitosan and gelatin, and Aloe vera and gelatin, compared to the control fruits over a 60-day storage period.
PVC/(Bi2O3)x (x = 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 25 wt
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a heterogeneous autoimmune neuromuscular disorder with distinct serological subtypes, including antibodies against acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), MuSK, and LRP4. Despite increasing recognition of these subtypes, clinical practice still lacks a standardized, subtype-specific approach to diagnosis, characterization, and management. Current treatment strategies are often applied uniformly, without fully accounting for differences in disease phenotype, prognosis, and therapeutic response among antibody-defined groups. This review provides a comprehensive overview of adult MG, focusing on the various autoantibody subtypes and their implications for pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. We highlight how combining serological findings with clinical subtyping can inform a more personalized approach to therapy and better align treatment decisions with disease biology. By emphasizing the clinical relevance of serological classification, this review aims to bridge the gap between immunopathological understanding and individualized patient care in MG.
