Bryansk State University

Biochemical researches of the habitat conditions of large and medium-sized urban ecosystems in the Non-Black Soil Zone of the Russian Federation were carried out based on the analysis of the bark of six background tree species. pH values for bark in Bryansk reached 5-6 in over 70% of cases, indicating a weakly acidic, near-neutral environmental reaction. Comparative analysis showed that ion accumulation across urban ecosystems is uneven. Methods. To solve the posed tasks, we used methods that allow for the expansion of the region's monitoring base for air pollution through indicators of the concentration of substances in the bark of tree species. Within the framework of the research, the following interconnected groups of methods are applied: methods of literature analysis, biochemical analysis methods, physicochemical and instrumental methods, and data processing and analysis methods. The aim of this work is to create a database of biochemical indicators for tree species in urban ecosystems, based on a biochemical monitoring method, to substantiate recommendations for optimizing habitats in the Non-Black Soil Zone of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a comprehensive methodology for the biochemical ecomonitoring of urban ecosystems, combining the analysis of the pigment complex of woody plants, soil enzymatic activity, and GIS mapping. An integral biochemical index for assessing the condition of urban green spaces has been proposed. Results. For the town of Novozybkov, the indicator primarily points to an acidic reaction of the environment. For reference points in a large town (Bryansk), the minimum content of all substances is observed in the territory of the Bezhitsky district, which indicates the significant role of the density of green spaces and the presence of recreational zones (parks, squares) that evenly distribute pollutants among themselves, purifying the air without high stress on individual trees. For reference points in a medium-sized town (Novozybkov), lower element content indicators are also observed in forest zones not subjected to active anthropogenic impact. Maximum values of phosphorus, copper, manganese, and nitrates are recorded at reference points most exposed to anthropogenic impact, specifically combined (mobile pollution sources and stationary ones). The presence of park plantings in these areas may not reduce the impact on individual trees due to transboundary air mass transfer, with which the volume of green spaces in the plots cannot cope.

The article analyzes phraseological units of ritual themes recorded in the language of the inhabitants of Bryanshchina, a border territory adjacent to Belarus and Ukraine. A striking feature of this polycultural region is the presence of a national-cultural component both in the content of the folklore tradition (plots and motifs characteristic of specific rituals) and in its expression (dialectal features present in ritual texts). Accordingly, the research was conducted on the basis of a linguocultural analysis of the semantics of phraseology, taking into account their dialectal features. The aim of the research is to identify the ethnolinguistic features of phraseologisms of ritual themes that represent the most vivid components of the folk traditions of the southwestern regions of Bryanshchina. The relevance of the article stems from the sustained attention in linguistic science to the analysis of the deep mechanisms of interaction between the language system and extralinguistic cultural reality. An important role is also played by the social need to study the language of folklore in terms of how folklore idioms reflect the national essence and embody the cultural code of the people. In particular, the article examines the peculiarities of the manifestation of culture and national-cultural specificity in the language of the inhabitants of the described region, as reflected in the phraseological units of calendar and family rituals. The material for the research consists of folklore and ethnographic data on calendar and family rituals obtained through field research. The study employed descriptive and comparative methods, as well as contextual and component analysis, along with techniques of ethnolinguistic commentary to demonstrate the inseparable relationship between language and culture. The symbolic meaning of ritual words is described separately, taking into account a comprehensive description of the ritual action, its participants, and the features of its attributes. The work identifies and characterizes the most vivid idioms associated with festive, Annunciation, Trinity, and wedding ceremonies. The peculiarities of the functioning of phraseological units were examined by comparing linguistic explanations with their immediate cultural context. The conclusion is drawn that the cultural and historical factor plays a dominant role in the emergence of phraseological units of ritual semantics and in their reflection in the consciousness of the inhabitants of the border region of Bryansk Oblast.

Рассматриваются формации конечных групп. Серия $\omega$-веерных формаций (В. А. Ведерников, 1999), где $\omega$ - непустое подмножество множества $\mathbb P$ всех простых чисел, включает в себя в качестве одного из видов хорошо известные $\omega$-локальные формации. А. Н. Скиба для произвольного разбиения $\sigma$ множества $\mathbb P$ разработал $\sigma$-теорию конечных групп и применил ее методы для построения $\sigma$-локальных формаций. В работе изучаются $\sigma_\omega$-веерные формации, где $\sigma_\omega$ - произвольное разбиение множества $\omega$, построенные в результате обобщения понятия $\omega$-веерной формации, на основе методов $\sigma$-теории А. Н. Скибы. Установлены условия, при которых однопорожденная $\sigma_\omega$-веерная формация обладает единственной максимальной $\sigma_\omega$-веерной подформацией.

В условиях нестабильной экономической обстановки поддержка малого и среднего предпринимательства является неотъемлемой задачей для органов государственной власти. В статье оценивается результативность мер государственной поддержки, применяемых в отношении торговых предприятий. За последние годы бизнес столкнулся и продолжает сталкиваться с рядом трудностей, которые необходимо решать и именно на основе сравнительного анализа показано, что формальная доступность поддержки не всегда ведет к повышению устойчивости бизнеса. В материале выявлены диспропорции между объемами финансирования и реальным приростом показателей деятельности предприятий. Просто выделить денежные средства с федерального бюджета на поддержку бизнеса не позволит в полной мере решить насущные вопросы в этой сфере, поэтому в работе отражены направления корректировки политики поддержки с акцентом на адресность и оценку конечных результатов. In an unstable economic environment, supporting small and medium-sized businesses is an essential task for government agencies. The article assesses the effectiveness of government support measures for retail businesses. In recent years, businesses have faced and continue to face a range of challenges that need to be addressed, and a comparative analysis reveals that formal availability of support does not always lead to increased business resilience. The article identifies disparities between funding levels and the actual growth of business performance. Simply allocating funds from the federal budget to support businesses will not fully address the pressing issues in this area, so the paper outlines the directions for adjusting support policies with a focus on targeting and evaluating the final results.