Исследование позволяет свидетельствовать о том, что в основном во всех регионах ЦФО происходило увеличение валового производства зерна, картофеля и овощей. Данные положительные сдвиги за 2010-2024 годы обусловлены ростом посевной площади культур и значительным ростом их урожайности. Положительная динамика должна быть продолжена в последующие годы, в том числе за счет средств государственной поддержки отрасли, с целью обеспечения устойчивого роста производства сельскохозяйственной продукции. The study suggests that basically in all regions of the Central Federal District there was an increase in gross production of grain, potatoes and vegetables. These positive developments in 2010-2024 are due to an increase in the acreage of crops and a significant increase in their yields. The positive dynamics should be continued in the following years, including through state support for the industry, in order to ensure sustainable growth in agricultural production.
The article considers issues of increasing the service life and wear resistance of all-metal plowshares restored using a heat-treated compensating element (TCE). To evaluate the effectiveness of this method, full-scale tests were carried out. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the restored plowshares are characterized by a more uniform distribution of wear over the surface and a lower wear intensity of the penetrating part as compared with factory-manufactured products. The results indicate a twofold decrease in wear intensity at control points and a longer inter-repair operation period. Application of the TCE method provides local strengthening of critical zones, reduction of radial wear (non-profile wear), and an increase in the service life of the part.
Currently, with rising energy prices and difficulties in obtaining certain material and technical resources due to numerous sanctions, scientists and agricultural specialists have developed recommendations for replacing expensive agrochemicals, and there has also been a shift towards developing and using biologically-based technologies that rely on legumes, which have nitrogen fixing abilities. This problem can be solved by introducing perennial legume grasses into field fodder production. During the study, it was found that the amount of nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere by variegated alfalfa in the control setup exceeds the amount taken from the soil by an average of 22%. For red clover, control values were exceeded by 20%. Under favorable growing conditions (2022–2023), increasing doses of potassium in phosphorus-potassium fertilizers ensured the growth of nitrogen fixation by 31–51 and 28–41%, respectively. In terms of ammonium nitrate in physical weight, the share of alfalfa in the soil in these years accounted for 115–280 kg/ha and red clover for 80–186 kg/ha. The level of nitrogen fixation of alfalfa on sod-podzolic sandy soils turned out to be 1.1–1.4 times higher than the level of nitrogen fixation of clover. The moisture deficit observed in 2024 reduced the symbiotic activity of nitrogen fixation from the air in alfalfa by 3.5–6.6 times, and in clover by 2–3 times. Based on data from 2022 and 2023, it was found that alfalfa has a better capacity to nitrogen fixation (19–66 kg/ha) than clover (18–47 kg/ha). The amount of nitrogen left in the soil due to assimilation from the air was 55–196 kg/ha after alfalfa and 52–138 kg/ha after red clover, in physical weight converted to ammonium nitrate. The scatter of data on the nitrogen-fixing capacity of alfalfa and clover in the control are moderately variable (13.3 and 16.6%). With the introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, they stabilized to low variability. The range of normal distribution of the data was 62.5%. The problem of studying biological nitrogen fixation by perennial leguminous grasses is relevant, since the introduction of a wedge of perennial leguminous grasses and other most promising crops into the structure of crop areas is one of the elements of improving resource-saving agricultural technologies.
The paper discusses methods for increasing the operational durability of Vaderstad deep riper chisels by hardfacing reinforcement of the working and back surfaces. Two variants of hardfacing geometry have been studied: ladder and herringbone. Hardness measurements of the chisel metal and the hardfaced beads have been carried out using various electrode materials. It has been established that hardfacing slightly reduces the hardness of the base metal. The results of a comparative analysis of the hardness of the hardfaced layers are presented, and the features of property changes when using different hardfacing technologies are identified.
Biochemical researches of the habitat conditions of large and medium-sized urban ecosystems in the Non-Black Soil Zone of the Russian Federation were carried out based on the analysis of the bark of six background tree species. pH values for bark in Bryansk reached 5-6 in over 70% of cases, indicating a weakly acidic, near-neutral environmental reaction. Comparative analysis showed that ion accumulation across urban ecosystems is uneven. Methods. To solve the posed tasks, we used methods that allow for the expansion of the region's monitoring base for air pollution through indicators of the concentration of substances in the bark of tree species. Within the framework of the research, the following interconnected groups of methods are applied: methods of literature analysis, biochemical analysis methods, physicochemical and instrumental methods, and data processing and analysis methods. The aim of this work is to create a database of biochemical indicators for tree species in urban ecosystems, based on a biochemical monitoring method, to substantiate recommendations for optimizing habitats in the Non-Black Soil Zone of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a comprehensive methodology for the biochemical ecomonitoring of urban ecosystems, combining the analysis of the pigment complex of woody plants, soil enzymatic activity, and GIS mapping. An integral biochemical index for assessing the condition of urban green spaces has been proposed. Results. For the town of Novozybkov, the indicator primarily points to an acidic reaction of the environment. For reference points in a large town (Bryansk), the minimum content of all substances is observed in the territory of the Bezhitsky district, which indicates the significant role of the density of green spaces and the presence of recreational zones (parks, squares) that evenly distribute pollutants among themselves, purifying the air without high stress on individual trees. For reference points in a medium-sized town (Novozybkov), lower element content indicators are also observed in forest zones not subjected to active anthropogenic impact. Maximum values of phosphorus, copper, manganese, and nitrates are recorded at reference points most exposed to anthropogenic impact, specifically combined (mobile pollution sources and stationary ones). The presence of park plantings in these areas may not reduce the impact on individual trees due to transboundary air mass transfer, with which the volume of green spaces in the plots cannot cope.
