Burgas Free University (Bulgarian: Бургаски свободен университет, also known and abbreviated as БСУ, BFU) is a higher educational institution established with an act of the Great National Assembly on 18 September 1991. It is one of the first non-state universities in Bulgaria, established in the biggest industrial and cultural centre in the south-eastern region of the country, Burgas.
Global ocean observing has evolved into a multi-platform architecture combining autonomous profiling floats, biogeochemical arrays, fixed moorings, and cabled seafloor observatories. This paper presents an integrated comparative review of four major observing systems—Argo, SOCCOM, OceanSITES, and NEPTUNE—and two major data aggregation and user-delivery frameworks: the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) and the DOORS (Danube Region Open Science) initiative. We analyze observing strategies, sensor payloads, data transmission, calibration, and end-user workflows. Two comparison tables summarize system-level characteristics and sensor-by-sensor coverage. We argue that ocean observing requires a coordinated “system of systems” approach in which observing platforms and data services operate as an integrated architecture supporting science, policy, and operational applications.
The authors of the article explore the potential of puzzle-based learning rooms as an innovative and inclusive environment for students with special educational needs (SEN). The study is grounded in the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, which emphasizes flexibility and personalization in education. The authors present best practices and examples for adapting educational spaces, including multisensory approaches (tactile, visual, and auditory elements), personalized acoustic and lighting adjustments, as well as methods for active engagement through role assignment. The article analyzes key pedagogical, spatial, and organizational factors necessary for successfully implementing this format in school settings, with an emphasis on collaboration between teachers, specialists, and students. Based on the research, a comprehensive model is proposed for creating interactive game-based learning environments that account for individual differences and promote active learning among students. The study highlights the importance of creative approaches in enhancing accessibility, inclusion, and motivation for students with special educational needs.
Background: The establishment of the European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) under Article 86 TFEU introduced a new model of criminal law integration within the European Union (EU) based on the functional allocation of competence between the EPPO and national prosecuting authorities. Although Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 establishes the legal framework governing the EPPO's competence, determining the competent authority in complex cross-border cases continues to raise significant legal and practical challenges. The absence of a sufficiently structured approach to the application of competence criteria may give rise to conflicts of competence, which may affect legal certainty, procedural efficiency, and the effective protection of the EU's financial interests. Method: The study employs doctrinal legal research based on a systematic analysis of EU primary and secondary legislation, including Article 86 TFEU, Regulation (EU) 2017/1939, and Directive (EU) 2017/1371. The research combines doctrinal, systematic, and case-law analysis of the legal framework governing the EPPO's competence with an examination of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and relevant Bulgarian judicial practice. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between EU and national legal rules and to the practical application of the criteria for determining the competent authority in cross-border criminal proceedings. Results and Conclusions: The analysis demonstrates that conflicts of competence constitute a structural consequence of the model of functionally distributed competence established by EU law rather than isolated procedural anomalies. Although Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 provides the legal framework governing the EPPO's competence, it does not ensure sufficiently clear and predictable criteria for determining the competent authority in all complex cross-border cases. The study makes an original contribution by proposing an author's classification of conflicts of competence, a structured system of competence criteria, and an author's conceptual analytical framework for determining the competent authority. This framework supports a more coherent and predictable application of Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 and contributes to greater legal certainty and effectiveness in determining the competent authority between the EPPO and national prosecuting authorities.
AI governance is shifting from voluntary ethics to enforceable, risk-based regulation, yet cross-jurisdictional divergence creates compliance uncertainty for operators of high-stakes AI. We present a comparative matrix for the EU, US, and China that maps (i) risk classification triggers, (ii) binding obligations, (iii) enforcement and accountability mechanisms, and (iv) the degree to which FAIR principles are operationalised in practice. We stress-test the matrix on three high-impact domains: Electroencephalography (EEG)-guided rehabilitation robotics, AI-enabled debt collection in prospective Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) ecosystems, and AI-driven allocation of scarce Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) resources in emerging AI Factory infrastructures. Using primary legal texts and implementation evidence, we identify three recurring gaps: weak interoperability mandates, difficult operationalisation of cross-regime obligations (AI + sector regulation + data protection), and under-specified governance for critical digital infrastructure use cases. To bridge the implementation gap, we outline Knowledge Blocks, a machine-checkable compliance artefact pattern based on Resource Description Framework/Web Ontology Language (RDF/OWL), Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL), and Provenance Ontology (PROV-O), enabling audit-ready compliance-by-design across multiple regimes.
Modern building energy systems are a key component of smart and sustainable urban infrastructure. This study presents a simulation-based assessment of electromagnetic exposure in a building electrical distribution system comprising a 10/0.4 kV, 630 kVA transformer and a busbar network. A numerical model was developed to analyze the spatial distribution of magnetic flux density under different operating conditions. The results identify areas with elevated magnetic field levels and demonstrate their dependence on transformer loading and busbar configuration. The proposed approach can support electromagnetic exposure assessment and optimization of electrical distribution systems, contributing to improved energy efficiency and sustainable development.
