The content of organochlorine pesticides in water has a negative impact on human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the content of organochlorine pesticides DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4–D) and hexachlorocyclohexane (α–HCCH, γ–HCCH) in the surface waters of the Kurgan Region (Oblast). This article discusses the content of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 –D) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in surface waters (rivers). The following types of pesticides were determined in water: 2,4–D, α–HCCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), γ–HCCH, DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Water sampling and measurement of the mass concentration of 2,4-D were carried out in accordance with GOST 31861. The equipment used for water sampling always complied with GOST 31861. In our study, the sample was transferred unfiltered into glass bottles with a capacity of 0.5 - 1 dm3 using a sampler and sealed with ground glass or wrapped with Teflon foil (or aluminum foil), cork or polypropylene stoppers. The use of rubber stoppers and plastic utensils was not permitted. Water samples were taken for the study from April to September. The surface water of the Tobol River and the Uy River was examined in different parts of the region. Sampling in the rivers took place in spring and autumn, at a depth of 0.3 m. A total of 238 water samples were taken during the study period (2015-2022) (34 samples per year). In the Tobol and Uy rivers (Belozerskoye, Kostousovo, Arbinka, Ust-Uyskoye, Zverinogolovskoye villages), no detectable concentrations of pesticides were found at a depth of 0.3 m. The measurements are based on the extraction of herbicides from acidified water samples by extraction with diethyl ether. 2,4-D, α-HCCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), γ-HCCH, DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) were determined using gas-liquid chromatography; a Color-800 gas chromatograph was used to determine these pesticides. The analyzes for organochlorine pesticides were carried out at the Kurgan Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Ural Department of Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring". No concentrations of the organochlorine pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), 2,4 – D, hexachlorocyclohexane α – HCCH, γ – HCCH were detected during the study of surface waters of the Kurgan region in 2015-2022. The problem of water pollution by organochlorine pesticides in the Kurgan region is not of global significance. The content of organochlorine pesticides in water has a negative impact on human health and the environment.
The article examines the features of the territorial location of the beet sugar sub-complex in Russia, which affects its sustainability. The beet sugar sub-complex occupies an important place in the structure of the agro-industrial complex, since beet sugar is one of the key types of food used both independently and in the food industry. In the context of declining real incomes of the population, ensuring affordable sugar prices is becoming one of the priority socio-economic tasks. One of the ways to ensure a sustainable volume of sugar beet cultivation as a strategically important food destination may be the territorial diversification of crops, which will minimize the impact of natural and climatic conditions on the harvest. Today, the main area of sugar beet cultivation is the Central part of Russia, and the Krasnodar territory is the leader in terms of crop size. The study analyzed the geographical distribution of the development of the beet sugar sub-complex in Russia in 2016-2024. and the grouping of the main beet-growing regions by crop size in 2024. During the work, it was found that in 2024, 45.1 million tons of sugar beet were harvested in Russia, which is significantly lower than the level of the previous year, even despite the expansion of the acreage. This is a consequence of a drop in crop yields in 2024 to 386 c/ha. Today, as before, the regions of the Central part of the country play a crucial role in the cultivation of sugar beet, in particular, the Central Federal District, the Volga Federal District and the Southern Federal District, which account for more than 90% of crops. The grouping of the main beet–growing regions by crop size showed that more than half of the sugar beet produced in the country falls on large regions with crops of more than 100 thousand hectares in 2024, but yields in this group are slightly lower than in the other two.
The purpose of the study is to develop and evaluate the quality of butter biscuits with the addition of milk thistle fruit meal. Objectives: to study the biological value of milk thistle and the features of its use in flour confectionery products, to determine the rational dosage of milk thistle meal in the recipe for butter biscuits, to assess the quality by organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators, to determine the nutritional value and specialized focus of the resulting product. Objects - model samples of butter biscuits with the addition of milk thistle meal (5; 7.5; 10; 12.5; 15%). For the preparation of model samples, the following raw materials were used: white sugar (GOST 33222-2015), butter (GOST 32261-2013), melange (GOST 56382-2015), vanillin (GOST 16599-71), wheat flour of the highest grade (GOST 26574-2017).); milk thistle fruit meal (Silybum marianum L.) (GOST 34221-2017). During the test, the following analysis methods were used: the mass fraction of moisture in baked products was determined according to GOST 5900-2014 “Confectionery products. Methods for determining moisture and dry matter”; wettability according to GOST 10114-80 “Flour confectionery products. Wetness determination method”; mass fraction of sugar - according to GOST 5672-68 “Bread and bakery products. Methods for determining the mass fraction of sugar”; mass fraction of fat according to GOST 31902-2012 “Confectionery products. Methods for determining the mass fraction of fat”. The organoleptic quality indicators of the biscuit samples were determined in accordance with the requirements of GOST 24901-2014. The obtained experimental data were processed by statistical methods. The optimal dosage of milk thistle meal in the recipe was established in the amount of 7.5% by weight of flour. The possibility of reducing the proportion of sugar and fat in the recipe by 10% was determined, the expediency of introducing inulin was substantiated, which made it possible to obtain a product with added nutritional value while maintaining the technological characteristics of the semi-finished product and complying with standardized requirements.
Purpose. Determination of the optimal unit operating parameters and molybdenum content in the coating. To achieve optimal performance and proper physico-mechanical properties, it was necessary to conduct a full factorial experiment. Methods. The chosen factors were: asymmetry coefficient, cathode current density within the range of 20–60 A/dm 2 , and Molybdenum disulfide concentration within the range of 0.2–3.4 kg/m 3 . The resulting function chosen was microhardness. Since preliminary research indicated that the response functions should be nonlinear, the factors had three variation levels. An orthogonal central composite second-order design was used to find the polynomial coefficients. The significance of the regression coefficients was checked using Student's t-test, and the adequacy of the obtained equations was verified using Fisher's F-test. Results. As a result of the conducted experiments and statistical data processing, a regression equation in coded form was obtained, linking the coating's microhardness with the studied parameters. Analysis of the coefficient significance showed that the MoS 2 concentration has the greatest influence on microhardness. The interaction effects of the factors were also statistically significant. The calculated value of Fisher's criterion was F = 3.87, which is lower than the tabulated value (Ftab = 19.4) at a 95 % significance level. Consequently, the obtained regression equation adequately describes the electrodeposition process within the studied region. Conclusion. The method of mathematical experiment planning was successfully applied to optimize the process of electrodeposition of coatings alloyed with Molybdenum disulfide. An adequate second-order regression equation was obtained, linking the coating's microhardness with the asymmetry coefficient, cathode current density, and MoS 2 concentration. The results of the work allow for recommending optimal coating application regimes for their use in conditions of increased wear and corrosion.
Purpose. Study the morphology and granulometric distribution of new powder materials obtained on the basis of tungsten-free hard alloys by electroerosive dispersion in a carbon-containing medium. Methods. To obtain new materials from tungsten-free hard alloy waste, an experimental laboratory setup for electroerosive dispersion was used. Morphological and particle size distribution studies were carried out using a QUANTA 600 FEG scanning electron microscope and an Analysette 22 NanoTec laser particle size analyzer. Results. The results of studying the morphology and granulometric distribution of new electroerosive powder materials based on tungsten-free hard alloys obtained in a carbon-containing medium showed that the powder particles have a regular spherical and elliptical shapes, and the particle size ranges from 0,320 μm to 67 μm. Conclusion. Based on experimental studies of the experimental tungsten-free hard alloy powder obtained by electroerosive dispersion in kerosene for lighting, it was found that the particles have a regular spherical and elliptical shape due to the process of rapid crystallization of the molten material in the liquid working medium of kerosene for lighting. In turn, the spherical and elliptical particles shapes have a beneficial effect on the compaction of the powder material for its further sintering into a new tungsten-free hard alloy with an obviously low porosity index. The presented results of studying the granulometric distribution allow us to conclude that the production of new powder materials from tungsten-free hard alloys waste by electroerosive dispersion in a carbon-containing medium leads to the formation of the product with an optimal particle size for obtaining a new alloy with specified properties.
