Davangere University is a public state university located in Davangere, Karnataka, India. The university was established in the year 2008 by the Government of Karnataka.
Although many handwritten text recognition systems have been successfully developed, open challenges remain, particularly in accurately grading descriptive answers. This is because the handwriting of descriptive answers may contain unreadable words called malicious text, including various types of struck-out words, overwriting, scribbling, deformation, and degradation. Such words are often used when students are uncertain about their answers and to add more detail to meet the requirements of the question. Recognizing such words accurately is important and an open challenge for the present OCRs. Restoring actual information in such malicious words can help improve the automatic grading of descriptive answers. This paper presents a new technique to improve recognition performance through the restoration of malicious words. We take advantage of the high-quality image generation capability of diffusion models and propose a Multi-Layer Diffusion Network (MLDN), which comprises three modules considering the characteristics of malicious text. Module 1 combines U-Net and GAN to generate noisy images and to perform denoising. Module 2 employs a diffusion-Transformer to restore the structure of characters using feature maps derived from the input and generated samples. Module 3 introduces a pretrained Tr-OCR that utilizes dual decoders for recognizing the text. The performance of the MLDN is validated through experiments on our datasets and benchmark datasets. A comparative analysis with state-of-the-art models shows that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art models.
The synthesis route is essential for optimising the structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of metal oxide/carbon nanocomposites for energy storage applications. Here, CuO/ZnO@MWCNTs (CZM) nanocomposite were prepared via three different routes, hydrothermal, solgel HMTA-assisted, and solgel NaOH-assisted method to systematically study the effect of synthesis strategy on supercapacitor performance. The formation of CZM hybrid nanocomposite was confirmed successfully by FTIR and XRD. The UV-Vis analysis revealed direct band gaps of 2.66, 3.28 and 2.82 eV for hydrothermal, HMTA-assisted and NaOH-assisted samples respectively. FE-SEM revealed a highly porous interconnected hierarchical morphology with improved particle dispersion of HMTA-assisted route as compared to hydrothermal and NaOH-assisted samples. Surface area analysis is carried out by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory (BET). The electrochemical studies revealed that the HMTA-assisted CZM electrode exhibits specific capacitance of 241 F g−1 at 10 A g−1, and energy density of 33.5 Wh kg−1 at power density of 5000 W kg−1, as well as lower charge-transfer resistance and enhanced ion diffusion. AC conductivity analysis showed the highest DC conductivity (1.534 × 10⁻4 S m⁻¹) and lower frequency exponent (s = 0.370), confirming frequency dependent hopping conduction. The synergistic effect of pseudocapacitance from CuO/ZnO, conductive MWCNTs network and porous structure formed by controlled HMTA assisted nucleation and growth is responsible for the enhanced electrochemical performance. These results illustrate the HMTA-assisted solgel route as an efficient strategy to design high-performance CuO/ZnO@MWCNTs nanocomposite for next-generation supercapacitor electrode applications.
The linear instability of double-diffusive convection in a viscoelastic fluid, described by the Navier-Stokes-Voigt (NSV) model, is investigated. The effects of viscoelasticity and diffusive transport parameters on the onset of convection are analyzed for rigid-free, free-free, and rigid-rigid boundary configurations. The stability eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using the Galerkin method and validated against available analytical and numerical results. The analysis shows that viscoelasticity does not influence stationary convection but significantly affects oscillatory instability. The Voigt parameter alters the balance between viscous dissipation, elastic relaxation, and solutal buoyancy. This leads to a decrease in the critical Rayleigh number for small values of the Voigt parameter and an increase for larger values due to dominant viscoelastic damping. A clear stability hierarchy is observed among the boundary configurations: free-free boundaries are the least stable, while rigid-rigid boundaries are the most stable. Increasing the solutal Rayleigh number promotes oscillatory modes and mode transitions. The Prandtl number and Lewis number modify instability thresholds through their influence on thermal and solutal diffusion. Streamline and isotherm patterns at the critical state reveal complex convective structures. These results provide insight into the interaction between viscoelastic stresses and double-diffusive transport, and are relevant to geophysical and industrial processes involving coupled heat and mass transfer.
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), nickel oxide (NiO), and V2O5/NiO nanocomposites (NCs) with molar ratios of 1 : 0.5, 1 : 1, and 1 : 1.5 were synthesized by a solution-combustion (SC) method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical properties were examined in a 1 M KOH electrolyte through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) using two electrode types: a carbon-paste electrode (CPE) and a nickel-foam electrode (NFE). Among all compositions, the V2O5/NiO (1 : 1) NC delivered the highest specific capacitance, achieving 2367 F g-1 on the CPE and 1177 F g-1 on the NFE at 10 mV s-1, with low charge-transfer resistance and excellent cycling stability. The CPE, prepared with 70% graphite powder, 15% V2O5/NiO nanocomposite powder and 15% silicone oil, provides a three-dimensional porous architecture that allows a greater fraction of electrochemically active material to participate compared to the NFE. This architecture enhances ion diffusion, electron transport, and rate capability, demonstrating that V2O5/NiO NCs on a CPE offer a practical pathway to high-energy-density supercapacitors.
Pollutant discharge concentration is essential to many industries and environmental management. Controlling and tracking water contamination is vital to preserving water supplies and upholding ecological regulations. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to examine the influences of waste discharge concentration, heat source/sink, inclined magnetic field, and thermophoretic particle deposition on Casson fluid flow via a flat plate with Blasius and Sakiadis flows. The system of PDEs (partial differential equations) is altered into ODEs (ordinary differential equations) by applying a suitable similarity transformation. The Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg-45 (RKF-45) order approach and shooting approach are applied to solve the resulting ODEs. A graphical representation will be utilized to demonstrate the consequences of several nondimensional constraints on their respective profiles. The key findings of this study demonstrate that the concentration profile will be improved by escalating the values of the external pollutant source and the external pollutant source variation constraints opposite trend is seen for the thermophoretic constraint. The Sherwood number declines by enhancing the magnetic parameters and the external pollution source variation. The minimum magnitude value of skin friction for the Casson parameter in Blasius flow is 0.3825. The maximum rate of heat and mass transfer values for Sakiadis flow is found to be 1.7180 and 2.5424 for heat source/sink and thermophoretic parameters, respectively.
