Rule-governed behavior in humans is characterized by relative insensitivity to changes in contingencies, a phenomenon extensively documented in behavior-analytic research. The present study examined whether Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit analogous patterns of contingency insensitivity. We employed a rock–paper–scissors task in which models repeatedly made choices between two opponents (Sam or Alex). In the first block of 40 trials, selecting the optimal opponent (e.g., Sam) produced a 70% probability of winning, a 15% probability of a tie, and a 15% probability of losing. In the second block of 40 trials, these probabilities were reversed (i.e., Alex was the optimal opponent). Four frontier LLMs in January 2026 (GPT 5.2, Claude Opus 4.5, Grok 4.1 Fast, and Gemini 3 Flash) were evaluated under a 2 × 2 experimental design manipulating (a) the presence or absence of a rule describing the opponent's skill level and (b) the extended LLM's reasoning (present vs. absent). In rule conditions, prompts specified the purported skill of the initial optimal opponent (e.g., "Sam is not very good at this game"). Results indicated that all models exhibited rule-based insensitivity to contingencies, qualitatively resembling human rule-governed behavior. However, the degree of insensitivity varied across models: GPT 5.2 and Grok 4.1 Fast showed the greatest contingency insensitivity, whereas Gemini 3 Flash and Claude Opus 4.5 were comparatively more sensitive to contingency shift. The effect of extended reasoning varied across LLMs. This study is the first to demonstrate contingency insensitivity in LLMs. These results have important implications for applied LLM contexts, where LLMs' contingency insensitivity might be detrimental.
Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) has been associated with the onset and maintenance of emotional disorders, including social anxiety disorder (SAD). Although RNT has been directly targeted in some treatments, its impact on clinical outcomes remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of focused (directly targeting RNT) and non-focused psychological interventions on RNT for treating SAD. PubMed, ProQuest, APA PsycArticles, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched through October 2023. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions for social anxiety in adults that implemented either RNT-focused or non–RNT-focused treatments. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Thirteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 791 participants, were reviewed following PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane recommendations, with the certainty of evidence assessed using the GRADE framework. While some studies reported symptom reductions, particularly in longer-duration non-focused interventions incorporating cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure, and mindfulness, the overall certainty of the evidence was rated as very low. A pervasive high risk of bias across all evaluated trials, coupled with severe statistical imprecision and substantial methodological heterogeneity, strictly precludes drawing definitive comparative claims. Consequently, the current evidence base does not support the superiority of either approach. Future research must prioritize rigorous, low-risk-of-bias RCTs to accurately assess comparative efficacy, determine optimal treatment durations, and enhance the overall quality of evidence. Pre-registration This study was pre-registered in the International prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO (CRD42023462842) prior to initiating the systematic review.
This study maps research on communication, content generation, and consumer behaviour in the context of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI). A literature review and scientometric analysis were conducted on publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science between 2001 and 2023. After database integration and deduplication, the final corpus comprised 699 documents. Bibliometrix was used to analyse scientific production, countries, journals, and collaboration patterns, while Tree of Science (ToS) identified foundational and emerging research streams. The results show accelerated growth in publications after 2019 and three dominant thematic trajectories: AI-enabled personalization and service experience, conversational and social interaction, and ethical concerns related to privacy, autonomy, and responsible data use. The findings reveal a field increasingly focused on adaptive, data-driven, and interactive communication, while highlighting governance and trust as central challenges for future research.
Introducción/objetivo: en el actual escenario de transformación digital, las empresas del sector comercial e industrial implementan sistemas ERP (enterprise resource planning) como herramientas estratégicas para fortalecer la toma de decisiones y optimizar la gestión operativa. Este estudio busca identificar los principales factores que determinan una implementación exitosa, a partir de una revisión sistemática de literatura científica publicada entre el 2015 y 2025. Metodología: la investigación se desarrolló conforme a los lineamientos PRISMA 2020 y se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos (año, idioma, tipo de documento, disponibilidad, enfoque temático y relevancia). Se analizaron 123 artículos y se seleccionaron 54 de Scopus y 69 de Google Scholar que cumplían los requisitos metodológicos establecidos. Resultados: los factores más citados incluyeron: el compromiso de la alta dirección (89 estudios), la capacitación continua del personal (76), la adaptación de procesos internos (65) y la planificación estratégica (59). También se identificaron barreras en pymes, superables mediante estrategias de implementación progresiva. Conclusiones: la adopción de los sistemas ERP requiere inversión tecnológica y transformación organizacional profunda. El estudio ofrece directrices prácticas para su aplicación en distintos contextos y propone futuras líneas de investigación sobre integración de tecnologías emergentes.
Social discounting occurs when a person shares less of a commodity with other individuals as social distance with those other individuals increases. Sharing generally decreases as a function of increasing social distance. Many cross-cultural social discounting studies have shown sharing differences between cultures, but few have measured within-culture variables that may be responsible for differential generosity across social distances. The current study focused on economic strata, or relative economic prosperity, as a within-culture variable that may be meaningfully related to sharing differences for residents of two bordering districts in Bogotá, Colombia—Fontibón and Kennedy. In addition, we tested whether generosity across social distances was significantly related to other prosocial measures that have previously been shown to be correlate with social discounting tasks in North American participants. These measures included identification with all of humanity (IWAH) and impartial beneficence (IB). One hundred four participants from the Fontibón and Kennedy districts completed a social discounting task, three other prosocial measures, and provided demographic information, including their economic stratum. Results showed that Fontibón residents self-reported being in higher economic strata, relative to Kennedy residents. Fontibón residents also shared significantly less during the social discounting task, relative to Kennedy residents. Correlations between social discount rates and IWAH and IB also largely replicated a previous study using North American participants. The impact of economic strata on sharing is discussed in relation to other cross-cultural variables used in social discounting research.
