The Government College Chamba generally known as Government Post Graduate College, Chamba at Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India was established in 1958. The College is affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla and has switched to Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) for Under Graduate classes from academic session 2013-14 under the guidelines of Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA). It has its own examination centre and also has been recognized as the evaluation centre by the University. The College was accredited with 'B+' grade by NAAC in August 2016.
Fats and oils are pillars of human nutrition, with oilseeds being the primary source of oil and constituting more than 75% of the world's lipid consumption. The oil extraction methods employed are microwave-assisted extraction, enzyme-aided extraction, solvent extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Nevertheless, these traditional methods face challenges such as low yields, inefficiency, and detrimental residues from organic solvents, resulting in lower extract quality. The popularity of mechanically pressed oils is increasing because of their relatively high concentration of bioactive compounds and the superior quality they offer. The combination of enzymatic pretreatment followed by mechanical extraction improved the yield and efficiency of oil extraction. Compared with traditional methods, enzyme-assisted extraction is a time-efficient process that reduces solvent use. Several quality parameters, such as the free fatty acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, and phospholipid content, were measured for the oils. In this study, enzyme-assisted mechanical pressure extraction was used to optimize the extraction of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seed oil, which was then characterized and analyzed via GC-MS and relevant statistical tools for quality assurance.
IntroductionThis bibliometric analysis examines the global research landscape on viral marketing using data extracted from the Scopus database and analyzed with Biblioshiny, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace. Viral marketing, characterized by rapid message dissemination through digital networks and consumer sharing, has gained significant scholarly attention across diverse disciplines. ObjectiveThe annual scientific output reveals a steady growth in publications, reflecting increasing academic interest and the evolution of research themes over time. MethodAnalysis of top influential researcher’s highlights key contributors shaping the field’s theoretical and methodological advancements. Prominent scientific journals, particularly in marketing, consumer behavior, and information systems, serve as primary publication outlets, fostering interdisciplinary dialogue. ResultsGlobal research contributions by nation indicate that the United States, China, and India are leading producers, supported by active collaborations illustrated in the timeline network visualization of country partnerships. Co-citation analysis of cited authors and journals uncovers core intellectual foundations and interlinked knowledge domains. Bibliographic coupling of documents and co-occurrence of author keywords reveal thematic clusters that define the research focus, while thematic evolution and the thematic map highlight the transition from foundational studies to emerging topics such as social media analytics and influencer marketing. Trend topic analysis indicates growing emphasis on data-driven targeting, user engagement, and algorithmic influence modeling. ConclusionsThe study identifies research gaps in cross-cultural comparative studies, ethical considerations, and the integration of emerging technologies into viral marketing strategies, with practical implications for marketers seeking to optimize campaigns in a rapidly evolving digital environment.
The existence of microplastics in the environment is currently a significant worldwide concern. Microbeads found in personal care and cosmetic products (PCCPs) are one of the primary sources of microplastics, which pose a threat to human health and the environment. This study was designed to detect microplastics in a popular PCCP (facial scrub and face wash). Twenty products (10 facial scrubs and 10 face washes) were analyzed using Rhodamine B staining prepared in ethanol, distilled water, and acetone, followed by fluorescence microscopy. All samples tested positive for the presence of microplastics. The observed microplastics displayed orange, red, and green fluorescence and varied in shape, with most appearing irregular and fragmented. One- way ANOVA (F = 31.87, p = 0.0001) demonstrated that there was statistical difference between these solvents and ethanol (11.40 ± 5.03) provided the most effective staining results. FTIR analysis further confirmed that polystyrene and polyurethane as the most common polymers in facial scrubs, while ethylene–propylene copolymer and polystyrene were predominant in face washes. Additional polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate, were also detected in some samples. This research highlights the occurrence of microplastics in facial scrubs and face washes and emphasizes the need for increased awareness and stronger regulatory measures to limit their use in cosmetic formulations.
In this article, we characterize the solutions of graph equations, φ (G)≅φ (G) (equivalently φ (G)≅φ (G) ) establishing the commutativity of two graph operations; the complement and φ (where φ is one of the graph operations namely; creating of line graph or total graph) on a simple graph G. In order to achieve this aim, estimates on various graph parameters such as order, size, minimum maximum degree and the sum of the square of the degrees are made. An algebraic approach is developed and applied when the number of graphs with given order and size is large which makes it difficult to deal with them individually. Additionally, it is observed that for a graph G satisfying the aforesaid graph equations, the sum of the degree squared coincides for both G and G .
In this article, the group algebra ℱ[ℋ_e_p] of Heisenberg group of order p^3 over its finite splitting field ℱ with char(ℱ)p is considered. The unique idempotents (linear and non-linear) in ℱ[ℋ_e_p] corresponding to the characters of Heisenberg group are computed in order to generate various ideals in ℱ[ℋ_e_p] . Further, by utilizing the inter-relationship between ideals in a group algebra and their corresponding group algebra codes, the minimum weights along with dimensions of various families of group codes generated by combinations of both linear and non-linear idempotents in ℱ[ℋ_e_p] are calculated to establish these group codes, for every odd prime p (however, in previous studies, the combinations of idempotents include either only linear or non-linear idempotents, but not both). In addition, the aforesaid results have also been illustrated for the group algebra of Heisenberg group ℱ[ℋ_e_3] for smaller order, along with this, several new group codes have been explored for other different combinations of idempotent in this small order case.
