University of Okara

In this paper, we study the nonlinear wave propagation of the fractional Joseph-Egri equation by means of the modified Sardar sub-equation method. The non-linear model under consideration includes Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives, which are efficient in reflecting memory and heredity phenomena that are often present in complex physical media, such as polymers, gels, and biological tissues. With the aid of a proper traveling wave transformation, we reduce the non-linear partial differential equation to an ordinary differential equation. Finally, we use the modified Sardar sub-equation method to obtain various non-linear solutions, including bright soliton, dark soliton, dark singular soliton, periodic singular, and rational waves. By means of graphical analysis, we examine the effect of the fractional parameters alpha and beta on the non-linear solutions. In order to further validate the accuracy of the analytical results, numerical approximations of the solution have been carried out by employing the differential transform method, which has revealed an excellent agreement between the exact and numerical results with very small absolute errors. Moreover, an analysis of modulation instability is carried out in order to validate the stability of the background wave. The results have shown that the perturbation frequency is real for the considered parameter condition, thus validating that the system is modulationally stable. The results have revealed that fractional derivatives play an important role in governing wave attenuation, dispersion, and localization in viscoelastic media, thus providing more insight into nonlinear wave propagation in complex systems. The novelty of the study lies in the application of the modified Sardar sub-equation method, which provides a systematic and efficient framework for generating a wide variety of exact nonlinear wave solutions. Unlike many conventional analytical techniques that yield limited solution structures, the proposed approach enables the construction of bright, dark, singular, periodic, and rational wave solutions within a unified formulation.

Methyl orange (MO), an azo dye broadly employed in textile industry, adversely affects water reservoirs and human health, prompting the need for efficient methods for its elimination. Photodegradation of organic pollutants is an auspicious, eco-friendly technology for wastewater treatment. Herein, an efficient and novel ternary composite comprising g-C3N4/Graphene oxide/CoFe2O4 (CGCo) was synthesized using simple in situ hydrothermal approach for degradation of MO dye. Various characterization tools, including XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM–EDX, and UV–Vis spectroscopic analyses were utilized to validate effective synthesis of the ternary CGCo composite. The influencing operational parameters, like pH, oxidant dose, photocatalyst dosage, irradiation time, and initial dye concentration (IDC), on photocatalytic degradation were comprehensively examined and elucidated. Novel ternary CGCo composite displays improved photocatalytic performance for MO dye degradation than binary g-C3N4/CoFe2O4 (CCo, 89

Halide double perovskites (HDPs) based on Rubidium are becoming progressively more renowned as ecologically friendly, thermally stable and structurally stable semiconductors for energy harvesting and UV-based optoelectronics. This work implemented density functional theory and the WIEN2K code to examine the phase configuration, electrical, optical and elastic traits of a new lead-free HDPs, Rb2LiScX6 (X=Cl, Br, I). The materials were constituted to crystallize in a fixed cubic configuration, with lattice constants increasing from Rb2LiScCl6 to Rb2LiScI6 because of halogen size effects. The stability of materials in terms of cubic phase and thermodynamics is validated by the tolerance factor and formation enthalpy. The calculated direct band gaps of 4.59eV (Rb2LiScCl6), 3.64eV (Rb2LiScBr6) and 2.58eV (Rb2LiScI6) suggest encouraging UV absorption characteristics. Optical analysis indicates significant absorption in the UV region and high dielectric constants, especially for Rb2LiScI6. The analysis of mechanical parameters confirms mechanical stability and anisotropy. These results identify Rb2LiScX6 compounds as robust, lead-free materials with excellent optoelectronic and mechanical properties for future optoelectronic technologies.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) exhibits promising pseudocapacitive behavior, but its practical application as a supercapacitor is hindered by inherently low electrical conductivity. To address this limitation, an effective surface engineering strategy was implemented in this work to improve charge transport and enhance the overall pseudocapacitance of nickel-doped TiO₂ nanocrystals with different Ni concentrations, Ni-0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, to optimize their performance in energy storage and antibacterial effectiveness. XRD structural investigation verified the presence of both anatase and rutile TiO₂ phases, with successful Ni²⁺ incorporation into the Ti⁴⁺ lattice, which revealed peak shifts, increased percentage of rutile phase with increasing Ni concentration up to optimum level Ni-0.5, and nonlinear decreasing trends in crystallite size. The porous morphology with agglomerated granular clusters with relatively dense packing is confirmed from SEM analysis. The successful incorporation of Ni in TiO2, along with the elemental composition justified by the EDX analysis. FTIR spectroscopy indicated Ti-O bonds, whereas UV–vis analysis exhibited redshift in absorption edges and reduced band gaps from 3.24 for pristine to 2.73 eV for Ni-0.5 modified TiO2 porous structures. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) assessments revealed a notable enhancement in specific capacitance, 336.84 F g⁻¹, and energy density 6.75 W h kg⁻¹ for the Ni-0.5 sample, attributed to optimal Ni doping that improved charge transport and redox activity. Furthermore, antibacterial assays against mixed colonies of E. coli and S. aureus demonstrated escalating inhibitory zones with increasing Ni concentration, which is ascribed to enhanced ROS formation and surface contact. Ni-modified TiO₂ nanocrystals exhibited significant dual functionality in energy storage and antibacterial applications, underscoring their potential for advanced multifunctional uses. Pristine and Ni-doped TiO2 Nanocrystals have been prepared and practically utilized for assessing their electrochemical and antibacterial properties against the E.coli S.Aureus bacterial strains. All the synthesized pure and modified TiO2 samples showed mixed Anatase and Rutile phases. The crystallite size increased with increasing the doping concentrations of Ni into the TiO2 lattice. In addition, the crystallinity

This work investigates the thermodynamic behavior and Joule–Thomson (JT) expansion of Hayward-Letelier Anti-de Sitter (HL-AdS) black holes (BHs). Our analysis is framed within the recently established universal topological classification of BH thermodynamics, where all BHs can be categorized into four distinct topological classes: W^1- , W^0+ , W^0- , and W^1+ . For small charge parameters, the system exhibits van der Waals-like criticality; however, we find that increasing the charge parameter leads to a regime of global stability regardless of BH size. By employing the Duan mapping topological current theory, we determine that the system is characterized by a total topological charge of Q = -1 , categorizing it within the W^1+ universal class. This suggests that the ’regularity’ of the Hayward core is topologically robust and remains fundamentally unchanged by the presence of a background string density. The existing BH models that do not have singularity problems show effective solutions for central curvature singularities; how Letelier cloud string topological defects affect their thermodynamic stability remains largely unexplored. We also adopt the geometrothermodynamics method in order to explore the thermodynamic properties and the phase structure of the HL-AdS BHs while simultaneously considering nonlinear magnetic charge and the presence of a string cloud. This research examines how external string structures interact with the internal topological landscape of the system to assess whether the regular core can maintain stability against different types of gravitational fields.