University of Okara

MXene quantum dots (MQDs) provide a chemically versatile platform for metal-ion sensing because their surface coordination environments, defect-associated states, and size-dependent electronic structure can couple molecular recognition to measurable optical responses. This review develops a mechanism-centered framework for understanding that coupling rather than treating sensing performance as a collection of isolated analytical metrics. It first examines how surface terminations, coordination-site accessibility, electronic-state organization, solvation, and interfacial binding thermodynamics define the recognition landscape of MQDs. It then analyzes how recognition events are translated into fluorescence or electrochemiluminescence responses through charge transfer, energy transfer, static or dynamic quenching, inner-filter effects, and related excited-state perturbations. Particular emphasis is placed on structure–property–signal relationships, mechanistic distinguishability, and trade-offs among sensitivity, selectivity, reversibility, and robustness. Evidence from reported metal-ion sensing systems is comparatively assessed to identify recurring design trends and limitations in mechanistic validation, cross-platform benchmarking, and real-matrix translation. The analysis indicates that future progress depends less on maximizing signal magnitude than on establishing reproducible coordination environments, experimentally resolved transduction pathways, and standardized performance criteria. This perspective positions MQD sensing as a recognition-to-signal engineering problem governed by coupled surface chemistry and excited-state dynamics.

In this paper, we study the nonlinear wave propagation of the fractional Joseph-Egri equation by means of the modified Sardar sub-equation method. The non-linear model under consideration includes Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives, which are efficient in reflecting memory and heredity phenomena that are often present in complex physical media, such as polymers, gels, and biological tissues. With the aid of a proper traveling wave transformation, we reduce the non-linear partial differential equation to an ordinary differential equation. Finally, we use the modified Sardar sub-equation method to obtain various non-linear solutions, including bright soliton, dark soliton, dark singular soliton, periodic singular, and rational waves. By means of graphical analysis, we examine the effect of the fractional parameters alpha and beta on the non-linear solutions. In order to further validate the accuracy of the analytical results, numerical approximations of the solution have been carried out by employing the differential transform method, which has revealed an excellent agreement between the exact and numerical results with very small absolute errors. Moreover, an analysis of modulation instability is carried out in order to validate the stability of the background wave. The results have shown that the perturbation frequency is real for the considered parameter condition, thus validating that the system is modulationally stable. The results have revealed that fractional derivatives play an important role in governing wave attenuation, dispersion, and localization in viscoelastic media, thus providing more insight into nonlinear wave propagation in complex systems. The novelty of the study lies in the application of the modified Sardar sub-equation method, which provides a systematic and efficient framework for generating a wide variety of exact nonlinear wave solutions. Unlike many conventional analytical techniques that yield limited solution structures, the proposed approach enables the construction of bright, dark, singular, periodic, and rational wave solutions within a unified formulation.

Aqueous zinc batteries combine nonflammable electrolytes and abundant Zn with attractive cost and safety, yet practical cells remain limited by chemistry that spans the Zn2+ solvation shell, the electric double layer, and both electrode interfaces. This review develops a coordination-centered, failure-aware framework that connects ligand exchange, ion pairing, hydrogen-bond organization, adsorption, desolvation, nucleation, crystallographic growth, and coordination-derived interphases to Zn inventory loss and full-cell failure. We distinguish true coordination effects from correlated physical phenomena such as wetting, electrostatic screening, and surface-tension changes, and evaluate mechanistic claims using spectroscopy, operando imaging, gas analysis, electrochemical mass balance, molecular simulation, and data-driven models. Conflicting reports on Zn(002), Zn(100), and Zn(101) textures are reconciled as interface- and flux-dependent stability–kinetics trade-offs rather than a universal facet ranking. Particular emphasis is placed on limited-Zn and anode-free configurations, cathode-derived cross-talk, proton activity and local pH, and the mismatch between long-lived symmetric cells and practical full cells. Quantitative descriptors are compared against current/areal-capacity pairs, cumulative plated capacity, Zn depth of discharge, cathode loading, N/P and E/C ratios, calendar stability, pouch-cell scale, cost, and sustainability. The resulting coordination-to-device map defines the evidence needed to translate molecular regulation into durable, inventory-efficient aqueous Zn batteries.

Methyl orange (MO), an azo dye broadly employed in textile industry, adversely affects water reservoirs and human health, prompting the need for efficient methods for its elimination. Photodegradation of organic pollutants is an auspicious, eco-friendly technology for wastewater treatment. Herein, an efficient and novel ternary composite comprising g-C3N4/Graphene oxide/CoFe2O4 (CGCo) was synthesized using simple in situ hydrothermal approach for degradation of MO dye. Various characterization tools, including XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM–EDX, and UV–Vis spectroscopic analyses were utilized to validate effective synthesis of the ternary CGCo composite. The influencing operational parameters, like pH, oxidant dose, photocatalyst dosage, irradiation time, and initial dye concentration (IDC), on photocatalytic degradation were comprehensively examined and elucidated. Novel ternary CGCo composite displays improved photocatalytic performance for MO dye degradation than binary g-C3N4/CoFe2O4 (CCo, 89

Halide double perovskites (HDPs) based on Rubidium are becoming progressively more renowned as ecologically friendly, thermally stable and structurally stable semiconductors for energy harvesting and UV-based optoelectronics. This work implemented density functional theory and the WIEN2K code to examine the phase configuration, electrical, optical and elastic traits of a new lead-free HDPs, Rb2LiScX6 (X=Cl, Br, I). The materials were constituted to crystallize in a fixed cubic configuration, with lattice constants increasing from Rb2LiScCl6 to Rb2LiScI6 because of halogen size effects. The stability of materials in terms of cubic phase and thermodynamics is validated by the tolerance factor and formation enthalpy. The calculated direct band gaps of 4.59eV (Rb2LiScCl6), 3.64eV (Rb2LiScBr6) and 2.58eV (Rb2LiScI6) suggest encouraging UV absorption characteristics. Optical analysis indicates significant absorption in the UV region and high dielectric constants, especially for Rb2LiScI6. The analysis of mechanical parameters confirms mechanical stability and anisotropy. These results identify Rb2LiScX6 compounds as robust, lead-free materials with excellent optoelectronic and mechanical properties for future optoelectronic technologies.