Government General Degree College, Mejia

The thermal management of cylindrical battery packs, widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, is a critical aspect of ensuring their safety, performance, and longevity. As energy densities increase, effective cooling solutions become essential to address the challenges posed by excessive heat generation and uneven temperature distribution. This review has highlighted the promising potential of hybrid nanofluids and phase change materials (PCMs) in advancing thermal management systems for battery packs. Hybrid nanofluids, offering enhanced heat transfer properties, and PCMs, capable of storing and dissipating latent heat, represent a promising synergy for improving thermal management systems. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of hybrid nanofluids and PCM in addressing the thermal challenges of cylindrical battery packs. The paper discusses heat generation mechanisms, the drawbacks of existing cooling methods, and the advantages of integrating these advanced materials into thermal management systems. By identifying research gaps and opportunities, this review offers a pathway for optimizing battery performance and highlights future research directions necessary for scalable and sustainable solutions. According to this review, future research should concentrate on creating hybrid cooling systems that effectively combine active, passive, and hybrid cooling techniques. Additional advancements in computer modeling, nanotechnology, and material science will be crucial to achieving the full potential of these innovative materials and overcoming existing limitations.

This paper analyzes the use of phase change materials (PCMs) as a cooling mechanism in photovoltaic systems to improve energy efficiency and sustainability. The use of phase change materials, recognized for their latent heat storage capabilities, is crucial for controlling photovoltaic panel temperatures and enhancing operational stability. This research examines several forms of PCMs, such as organic, inorganic, and bio-based substances, emphasizing their benefits and drawbacks in relation to thermal conductivity, recyclability, and environmental effects. The assessment includes innovations in encapsulation methods and the advancement of nano-enhanced PCMs for their contribution to optimizing thermal performance. Design options, including the incorporation of fin structures and hybrid systems that merge passive and active cooling techniques, are evaluated for their efficacy in various environmental contexts. Additionally, the issues of scalability, long-term dependability, and material deterioration are examined, along with prospective improvements related to intelligent control systems and real-time monitoring. The study emphasizes the necessity of reconciling cooling efficiency with economic and environmental factors, offering a thorough perspective on prospective research avenues. The findings underscore that continuous progress in material science and control systems is essential for the extensive use of PCM-based cooling in solar energy applications.

This study investigates thermosolutal convection of a Casson-based ternary hybrid nanofluid within an inverted wavy T-shaped cavity—a complex geometry relevant for advanced thermal management systems. The problem addresses the challenge of accurately modeling buoyancy-driven flow in porous, radiative environments using non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids, which are increasingly important in energy and electronics cooling applications. A higher-order compact (HOC) numerical scheme is employed to discretize the governing equations, enabling precise resolution of sharp gradients in flow and temperature fields. The model incorporates the effects of porous media (via the Darcy–Brinkman formulation) and thermal radiation, offering a comprehensive analysis of system performance. Key dimensionless parameters, including the Darcy number (Da), Rayleigh number (Ra), Lewis number (Le), Casson fluid parameter ( γ ), and wall undulation amplitude (d), are systematically varied. Quantitative findings highlight significant enhancement in transport performance: increasing Da from 10^-4 to 10^-2 raises the average Nusselt number ( Nu_avg ) by 42.8 Sh_avg ) by 48.9 γ = 10 . Similarly, increasing Ra from 10^4 to 10^6 boosts Nu_avg by 71.5 Sh_avg by 120.1 d=2 . The Casson parameter exhibits a strong non-Newtonian influence, with kinetic energy (KE) rising by 1,240 γ increases to 10 for Ra = 10^4 . This work is novel in applying the HOC method to a non-Newtonian ternary hybrid nanofluid in a complicated cavity, capturing complex thermofluid dynamics that are often overlooked in earlier studies. The insights gained provide a novel framework for designing high-performance systems where convective heat and mass transfer must be precisely controlled in irregular domains.

This study numerically explores the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection and viscous dissipation effects in a baffled convex U-shaped cavity filled with a CuO-water nanofluid. The cavity features curved vertical walls and a centrally positioned cold baffle in the top wall. A higher-order compact finite difference scheme is used to solve the coupled Navier–Stokes and energy equations under varying conditions. The analysis considers the influence of key dimensionless parameters: Rayleigh number ( 10^3 ≤Ra≤ 10^6 ), Hartmann number ( 0 ≤Ha≤ 60 ), magnetic field inclination angle ( 0^∘≤γ≤ 90^∘ ), Eckert number ( 0.0001 ≤Ec≤ 0.001 ), and nanoparticle volume fraction ( 0 ≤ϕ≤ 0.04 ) for three aspect ratios ( AR = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 ). The results reveal that reducing the aspect ratio significantly enhances heat transfer, with up to a 560.2 AR = 0.2 for high Ra . Increasing ϕ and Ra further augments thermal performance, while higher Ha suppresses convection due to the magnetic damping effect. The impact of viscous dissipation becomes more pronounced at larger Ec , modifying both flow and thermal fields. The influence of magnetic field inclination is also found to vary with geometry, leading to either enhancement or suppression of heat transfer depending on AR . These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing heat transfer in complex enclosures revealing advanced thermal management systems in engineering applications.

The Biginelli reaction, a three-component synthesis involving an aromatic aldehyde, urea, and ethyl acetoacetate, is a versatile method for producing 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones, 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-thiones, and related heterocycles. These compounds have gained significant attention due to their intriguing pharmacological properties and diverse biological activities. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the synthesis and applications of dihydropyrimidones, focusing on their roles in combating cancer, Alzheimer's, microbial infections, tuberculosis, inflammation, malaria, filariasis, hypertension, and other conditions, along with their antioxidant and antiviral activities.