Independent University, Bangladesh (Bengali: ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) or IUB is a private university in Bangladesh. It is located in Bashundhara Residential Area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was established in 1993 under the Private University Act, 1992. With an explicit focus on Research and Global partnerships. IUB has an enrollment of 7,378 students, 11,556 alumni and 401 faculty members (of which 38% have PhD's mostly from North America). The campus is spread over three acres and is well-equipped with an amphitheatre, a library, state-of-the-art laboratories and more than 70 classrooms. The university is committed to research and global partnerships. This is why students are encouraged to engage in research projects, alongside conventional classroom-based learning. The Independent University has academic research collaborations with a number of prestigious universities including Harvard University, Stanford University and the University of Colorado at Boulder.IUB is the only university in Bangladesh that was shortlisted in the Times Higher Education (THE) Awards 2020 for student recruitment campaign of the year. IUB's position is at the top in the whole of Asia. According to world university rankings of Times Higher Education (THE) IUB stands within 400th universities globally in terms of various aspects of impact analysis.[] The Ranking Web of Universities (RWU) credited IUB as the top institution in the country in 2019. IUB, ranked 1st in Bangladesh, was also ranked 859th among the 11,852 Asian universities (excluding the Middle East), 124th among the 4,479 universities in South Asia, and 3,006th among the 28,000+ universities in the world. For comparison, the lowest ranking institution in Bangladesh (i.e., 147th), was ranked 10,701st in Asia, 4,155th in South Asia, and 26,428th in the world, which clearly shows a wide spectrum of the quality of higher education in the country.As the leading host institution for Fulbright Scholars in Bangladesh, the university offers exchange programmes with scholars from top American and Canadian universities. The academic curriculum at the Independent University is based on a North American liberal arts model, and courses are taught in English. There are five academic schools at the university: School of Business and Entrepreneurship (SBE); School of Engineering, Technology and Science (SETS); School of Environment and Life Sciences (SELS); School of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences (SLASS); and School of Pharmacy and Public Health (SPPH).There are a lot of opportunities outside of the classroom for students to get involved in. The Division of Student Affairs is responsible for organising all student activities including the 17 university clubs. These include art club, debating club, economic club and film club. Students also participate in community service programmes such as blood donation, fundraising for victims of natural disasters and donating warm clothes in winter.
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) influence gene expression and diverse physiological and pathological processes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) play roles in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. LncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, and NEAT1, regulate chromatin remodeling through histone modification. Dysregulated expression leads to oncogenesis and neuronal dysfunction. Conversely, miRNAs such as miR-21 and miR-155, as post-transcriptional regulators, act in oncogenic signaling and neuroinflammation. MiR-21 targets PTEN and PDCD4, leading to aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways, thereby promoting cancer cell proliferation, while influencing neuronal apoptosis and neuroprotection. Similarly, miR-155 modulates SHIP1 and SOCS1 through AKT and JAK/STAT pathways in both cancer and neurodegenerative contexts. The convergence of these signaling cascades reveals a shared molecular framework that links tumor progression to neurodegeneration. Understanding the intricate lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory networks provide valuable insights into disease mechanisms and clinical applications regarding ncRNAs as biomarkers. Further research integrating transcriptomics, functional genomics, and therapeutic delivery systems is essential to harness the full diagnostic and therapeutic potential of ncRNAs.
Remote island regions in Bangladesh continue to experience unreliable and costly electricity supply due to geographical isolation, weak grid infrastructure, and dependence on fossil fuels. This study addresses this challenge by developing a smart hybrid microgrid for Hatiya Island that integrates solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (PV), battery energy storage system (BESS), and grid support to achieve cost-effective, stable, and low-carbon electrification. The proposed system is optimized using HOMER Pro (v3.14.2) through offline techno-economic optimization to determine the least-cost component sizing and system configuration based on Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost of Energy (COE). The optimal configuration obtained from HOMER Pro is subsequently evaluated using MATLAB-based simulations to assess dynamic voltage and frequency stability under renewable intermittency and load variations. In addition, a demand response strategy is analysed to enhance load flexibility, and a multi-parameter sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the influence of key meteorological, economic, and grid reliability parameters on system performance. The optimal configuration achieves a low cost of energy (COE) of 0.0214 $/kWh and a net present cost (NPC) of 30,808 $, with a capital investment of 29,303 $ and annual operating cost of 112.24 $. The system attains a 56.3% reduction in CO2 emissions, lowering annual emissions to 16,583 kg, while demand response implementation results in annual energy savings of 3,338.36 kWh. Dynamic simulations confirm stable voltage and frequency performance under varying operating conditions. These results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid microgrid offers a reliable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable electrification solution for remote island communities, providing a scalable framework for renewable-based power systems in coastal regions of Bangladesh.
Coumarin is a naturally occurring small phytochemical found mainly in the Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) with diverse therapeutic potential, but the molecular mechanisms of actions remain incompletely characterized. This study employed an integrated computational approach, combining network pharmacology, computational proteomics, molecular docking, and MD simulation to explore the network-level basis of coumarin multifunctional effects. Using STITCH and STRING databases, coumarin interacted directly with ten primary proteins, namely CYP2A6, NPY1R, CXCR4, MTRNR2L2, S1PR2, RGS6, TAS2R38, TAS2R30, TAS2R14, and TAS2R20 related to xenobiotic metabolism, GPCR-mediated signaling, immune system regulation, and sensory perception. The protein-protein interactions analysis revealed a closely connected hub of G-protein dependent proteins, underscoring the prominence of GPCR signaling networks associated with coumarin. The coordinated regulation of metabolic and immune pathways is also evident in the diverse transcriptional regulators of metabolic enzymes as well as chemokines related to the immune system. Pathway enrichment analysis indicates that the fenugreek-derived coumarin could have anti-inflammatory, metabolic regulatory and neuroprotective effects, via multi-target effects. Structure-based molecular docking analysis exhibited preferential binding energies at the several targets, and the CYP2A6-coumarin complex (-7.7 kcal/mol) showed the strongest binding of the several complexes were determined. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) validated the stability and flexibility of this complex, defined by persistent contacts with active sites conserve residues and low RMSD fluctuation over time. These findings are consistent with the biological probability of the predicted binding and highlighted the role of CYP2A6 in the coumarin metabolism. Collectively, these findings exhibited that coumarin showed its biological activity by network level polypharmacological mechanisms rather than the traditional single target activity, informing its diverse pharmacological properties via mechanism and providing a base for future experimental validation.
This review paper critically examines the evolving violence against the Rohingya by analysing two distinct phases of persecution: the state-led genocide carried out by the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw) up to 2017 and the emerging abuses committed by the Arakan Army (AA) after 2024. While the former has received international legal scrutiny, the latter remains undertheorised and largely absent from formal justice frameworks. Drawing on secondary sources such as human rights reports, media investigations, legal briefs and survivor testimonies, this review paper is grounded in an overarching comparative legal and political framework to assess patterns of violence, institutional responses and accountability gaps. Review findings indicate that the Tatmadaw is responsible for widespread acts of violence, including systematic mass killings and forced displacement, whereas the conduct of the AA reflects a shift from resistance to repression, including targeted attacks and exclusionary governance in Rohingya areas. The originality of the paper lies in its interdisciplinary approach, bridging human rights law, conflict studies and refugee narratives. By expanding the analytical lens to include nonstate actors, it contributes to emerging scholarship on multiactor accountability and calls for inclusive justice mechanisms that reflect the realities of modern conflict and affirm the rights of all victims.
The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between return on assets (ROA) and indicators from the CAMELS model. In addition, compare the performance of third- and fourth-generation banks in Bangladesh for the period 2013–2023, using the CAMELS rating model. By using the percent root test, the variables are stationary at the first difference; the results of the Im, Pesaran, and Shin (IPS) percent root and Hausman tests are the recommended fixed-effect models and FMOLS models to measure output. Evaluating the regression result for the third-generation banks, it is observed that capital adequacy and sensitivity to market risk have a significant positive relationship with return on assets (ROA), whereas asset quality, management efficiency, and liquidity ratio have an insignificant negative correlation with ROA. Simultaneously, we observe a positive yet insignificant relationship with earning capacity. Furthermore, evaluating the fourth-generation banks, it is observed that capital adequacy and asset quality have a significant negative impact, and management efficiency and sensitivity have a significant positive effect on ROA. This study has the potential to contribute to and be applicable to the financial sector in Bangladesh by accumulating new concepts and conducting a comparative analysis of financial performance between generations of banks.
