The increasing rate of geopolitical changes, technological breakthroughs, and socio-economic changes has redefined the conception, design, and implementation of public policy among states. Law as the main means of governance is no longer a product used as the unit of regulation, but it is more and more the role to set the values in society, to act as the mediator of global forces, or to drive social change. This paper explores the interaction between the state, the law and changing social environments in the modern global phenomena. It takes into account the dynamics of globalization, digitalization, human rights standards, global security issues, and economic restructuring to determine the policy paths and legal changes. Across an interdisciplinary approach the research evaluates the way different jurisdictions implement the same pressures whilst traveling through the localized political cultures, institutional capacity and socio-economic limitations. Convergence and divergence trends among the policy design process, increasing role of the international organizations and transnational norms and conflicts between the domestic sovereignty and the global governance are also patterns of convergence and divergence identified in the paper. The results suggest that contemporary legal reforms can be traced to global discourses, nevertheless, its local delivery is disproportionate and heavily influenced by domestic politics and social demands. Some of the recommendations include consolidating the adaptive governance, building on policy coherence, advancing legal harmonization of the critical sectors and institutionalization of inclusive public participation.
A comprehensive first-principles density functional theory (DFT) study was performed to investigate the structural, electronic, optoelectronic, photocatalytic and transport properties of the novel two-dimensional (2D) MgAsSe3 monolayer. The crystal structure was fully optimized to its ground-state energy using the GGA-PBE exchange-correlation functional. The absence of imaginary frequencies in the phonon dispersion confirms the dynamical stability of the monolayer, while Gibbs free-energy analysis provides insight into its temperature- and pressure-dependent thermodynamic behavior. The semiconducting nature was confirmed by a direct band gap of approximately 2.30 eV using the TB-mBJ approach. The electron charge density analysis revealed predominantly covalent Mg-As interactions. The partial density of states revealed that the Se-p orbitals predominantly contribute to the valence band maximum, whereas the As-s orbitals mainly contribute to the conduction band minimum. The transport properties revealed that the peak ZT value is greater than 1 at elevated temperatures. The P-type and N-type peaks are identical, which favor significant bipolar transport performance. Furthermore, MgAsSe3 exhibited a relatively low lattice thermal conductivity, but the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficients are high. The valence band is located at -6.54 eV and the conduction band at -4.24 eV, according to band edge positions calculated via vacuum level alignment for photocatalytic water splitting redox. The optical coefficients indicate that the strong absorption occurs at the visible and UV energy range, which is beneficial for optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications.
A protic ionic liquid, N, N-diethylammonium trifluoroacetate ([DEA-H](+)[TFA](-)), was synthesized via a solvent-free proton-transfer reaction between diethylamine and trifluoroacetic acid and investigated as a potential electrolyte for hydrogen production and energy storage. Structural formation was confirmed by H-1 NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Karl-Fischer analysis indicated a low water content of 0.99 %, while thermogravimetric analysis showed thermal stability up to similar to 250 degrees C. Hygroscopicity studies revealed strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between absorbed water and the [TFA](-) anion, with water uptake following pseudo-first-order kinetics. Increasing water content significantly affected the physicochemical properties, resulting in increased density and ionic conductivity and reduced viscosity. The ionic liquid exhibited a wide electrochemical stability window of 3.4 V, which decreased with increasing water content. Hydrogen evolution proceeds through two proton-conduction pathways involving hydronium ions and the [DEA-H](+) cation. Water addition enhanced proton mobility and HER activity, with a 50 % water-PCIL mixture showing lower overpotential compared to mixtures containing 10 % and 0.99 % water. These results highlight the potential of water-[DEA-H](+)[TFA](-) systems as efficient electrolytes for hydrogen evolution and electrochemical energy applications.
This work uses density functional theory (DFT) in the FP-LAPW technique implemented in WIEN2k to offer comprehensive first-principles analysis of the structural, electronic, thermoelectric, and magnetic properties of MgFe2O₄. Phonon dispersion confirmed dynamical stability, and structural optimisation proved the cubic spinel phase with equilibrium lattice parameters and bulk modulus in agreement with experimental data. The accuracy of electronic band structure calculations using the TB-mBJ potential has improved over traditional GGA, revealing an indirect band gap of 3.1 eV. According to transport parameters studied using BoltzTraP; the Seebeck coefficient was high at moderate temperatures (600 K) and decreased at higher temperatures as a result of phonon-phonon and phonon-electron scattering and bipolar conduction. The thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) showed promising efficiency, that is 1.31 at 1200 K. The ferrimagnetic ordering was confirmed by magnetic analysis with a net moment of 4.7 µB of GGA + U approach, highlighting MgFe2O₄ as a stable multifunctional material for spintronic and energy conversion applications.
This study employs density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the strain-dependent electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of ZnX2Z4 (X = Sc, Y; Z = S, Se) spinel compounds. The band structure analyses reveal that all compounds possess direct bandgaps at the Gamma point, with tensile strain widening and compressive strain narrowing the gaps. The results are in excellent agreement with the recent works. Zn-d states occupy the semicore states, S/Se-p states occupy the valence band while Sc/Y-d states occupy the condition bands. Prominent optical structures in the visible to UV region highlights the usefulness of these materials for the optoelectronic applications. Thermoelectric properties demonstrate temperature dependent and strain depended Seebeck coefficient, thermal and electrical conductivities, and figure of merit. High figure of merit upto 0.78 show their high waste heat conversion efficiency.
