The development of piezoelectric materials has significantly transformed modern electronic and sensing technologies, and their use has extended from extremely precise actuators to wearable self-powering devices. But the problem is that these materials are commonly made out of lead-based ceramics, and for example, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) contains 60% of lead. Such materials entail great risks to the environment and people's health. This extensive paper elaborates on the evolution of lead-free soft hybrid piezoelectric materials with special emphasis on bismuth iodide-based organic-inorganic hybrids that can be a safe choice of the electronic sensor market of tomorrow. The latest breakthrough research demonstrates that owing to a well-planned halogen bonding between the organic and the inorganic components of the material, there occurs a slight structural instability which in turn opens the way to the improved piezoelectric performance thus making the piezoelectric coefficients comparable to those of commercial PZT with zero toxic lead content (d33 =161.5 pm/V). This review connects developments in sensing mechanisms, material chemistry, crystal engineering, wearable electronics, energy harvesting, and medical implants.
A novel Schiff base derivative, (E)-N′-(2,6-dimethoxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazide (F5), was synthesized and systematically investigated for its structural, electronic, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The compound was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, while single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed its orthorhombic Pbca crystal system stabilized by C–H···O and C–H···π interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed dominant H···H (44.5
Transport phenomena involving oxytactic microorganisms driven by thermobioconvection are critically important in numerous scientific and engineering fields, such as petroleum reservoirs, enhanced oil recovery methods, contaminant migration in groundwater aquifers, biological waste management, and geothermal energy utilisation. This study examines the transport characteristics of a Casson–Williamson nanofluid moving across an exponentially expanding surface, taking into account the combined effects of buoyancy forces, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, magnetic fields, and bioconvection. The research examines the response of oxytactic bioconvective nanofluids to a periodic magnetic field. A system of coupled and highly nonlinear partial differential equations regulates the physical problem. The equations are subsequently converted to dimensionless form with suitable non-similar transformations. The resultant equations are numerically resolved employing the quasilinearization technique alongside the implicit finite difference approach. The numerical results are shown in graphs illustrating the influence of significant physical parameters on fluid velocity, heat transfer, mass transfer, and bioconvection. Furthermore, increasing the Casson and Williamson parameter values significantly elevates surface friction, thereby decelerating the fluid within the boundary layer. The periodic character of the magnetic field alters the momentum distribution, causing the fluid to travel toward the wall rather than within a continuous magnetic field. This reduces wall shear stress and the associated skin-friction drag. As Le goes from 10 to 20, the pace at which nanoparticles move from one place to another moves up by about 37
This work reported synthesis of curcumin benzodiazepine derivatives using aryl diamine with curcumin in the presence of acetic acid under microwave irradiation (MWI). The synthesized compounds homogeneity was verified using various spectral analysis. Some of the selected derivatives (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d 3e) screened for anticancer activity studies against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. and tested derivatives 3d (2.85 ± 0.57), 3e (4.26 ± 0.82), and 3c (5.64 ± 1.09) showed comparable activities to the reference Doxorubicin (1.80 ± 0.21). Further investigated in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH method, compounds 3a and 3b showed significant antioxidant properties in comparison to standard ascorbic acid. Furthermore, synthesized derivatives are evaluated for their physiochemical, lipophilicity, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeliness of the derivatives. It specifically highlights the Boiled-Egg model and radar graph representation. The docking study of such protein-ligand complexes showed different binding affinities and different interaction profiles with the key residues of the target protein. Among them, complex 1PY5-3a had the highest binding affinity with a docking score of − 7.4, Complex 1PY5-3b, a docking score of − 5.9, complex 1PY5-3c has a docking score of − 6.0, 1PY5-3d has a score of -6.2, and 1PY5-3e has the lowest docked score of -5.5. RMSD values for the reference protein complex is 1PY5-APO is 0.28 ± 0.02 nm, derivative complexes 1PY5-3c 0.27 ± 0.03 nm, and 1PY5-3d (0.29 ± 0.03 nm). RMSF values for reference protein complex 1PY5-APO is 0.12 ± 0.06 nm, and derivative complexes 1PY5-3c (0.13 ± 0.08 nm), 1PY5-3d (0.13 ± 0.07 nm) and 1PY5-3e (0.13 ± 0.06 nm). The average Rg value for 1PY5-APO (1.94 ± 0.01 nm), and derivative complex 1PY5-3c (1.96 ± 0.01 nm). The molecular dynamic simulation investigated for structural dynamic determination of proteins interaction with ligands at an atomic level.
Modified biochar (BC) nano-compounds are very promising candidates for the accelerated degradation of reoccurring contaminants in wastewater treatment. The surface activity, structural repair, and dopant chemistry of biochar determine its adsorption ability and catalytic behaviour. Metal oxides such as Fe3O4 and FeS2 offer fast electron-transfer pathways that accelerate the redox-mediated transformations of heavy metal ions, while surface-engineered functional groups, particularly phosphorus moieties and EDTA ligands, provide tunable coordination environments that significantly enhance selectivity toward Pb2+ and Ni2+. Chemical activators such as ZnCl2 and KOH introduce hierarchical porosity and widen the distribution of adsorption sites, thereby improving the reactant accessibility and charge-transfer efficiency. Layered double hydroxides (Ni-Fe and Mg-Al) exhibit structurally defined anion-exchange galleries that preferentially interact with oxyanions (PO4 3- and NO3 -), whereas heteroatom-doped biochars (S/N-BC) generate polarized electron densities favourable for binding soft metal ions such as Hg2+ and Cu2+. Additionally, carbonaceous nanostructures (CNTs and graphene oxide) enable π-π stacking and delocalized electron mediation for the sensitive detection and transformation of aromatic dye molecules. From a materials chemistry perspective, the innovation lies in tailoring these nano-hybrids at the atomic-to-nano scale, optimizing their mechanical stability, interfacial charge dynamics, and metal-support interactions while comprehensively evaluating their structural persistence and catalytic fidelity under realistic aqueous reaction conditions. AI-directed designs aid in performance optimization. Finally, identifying research gaps, optimizing benefit circulation, and conducting comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) are crucial for the effective implementation of these concepts. In this review, these aspects are systematically discussed and highlighted to guide future research directions for the next generation of studies.
