Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies

Enzyme deployment is proliferating extensively in industries owing to their environmentally friendly and easily degradable attributes. This article undertakes an exhaustive examination of wild subtilisin enzyme, covering purification, biochemical delineation, analytical techniques, and practical implementations. The purification methodology involved partial refinement, anionic exchange, and gel filtration chromatography, culminating in a purification factor of 3.406, corroborated by SDS-PAGE showcasing a molecular weight of ~ 42 kDa. Biochemical scrutiny unveiled the enzyme's response, with an optimal pH at 9 and temperature peak at 60 ℃. Various surfactants, metal ions, organic solvents and inhibitors exhibited notable efficacy. Substrate specificity and kinetics showcased the utmost specificity with N-Suc-F-A-A-F- p NA, registering K m and V max values of 0.731 ± 0.5 mM and 0.87 ± 9 × 10 3 U/mg, respectively. Different bioanalytical techniquesproffered insights into structural and biophysical facets. Practical applications encompassed goat skin depilation, feather disintegration, blood clot dissolution, exemplifying the enzyme's multifaceted utility. To embark upon the elucidation of structure–function relationships, a three-dimensional model was devised through homology modelling, leveraging existing subtilisin structures (PDB: 3WHI). Molecular docking score of − 8.8 kcal/mol and dynamic simulations augmented the comprehension of molecular interactions with N-Suc-F-A-A-F- p NA. This research significantly contributes to unravelling the biochemical intricacies of wild subtilisin and underscores potential industrial and biomedical prowess. Subtilisin can be explored for its thrombolytic potential in several cardiovascular diseases. It may aid in the management of thrombosis by dissolving blood clots in conditions like deep pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, ischemic strokes, and in atherosclerosis by breaking down fibrin in arterial plaques, thus preventing heart attacks and strokes. Graphical Abstract

Background Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, yet public awareness of stroke remains insufficient. This study aimed to assess the awareness of stroke among the general Saudi population. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire targeting Saudi residents aged 18 years and older. The survey evaluated general stroke knowledge, recognition of warning signs, and understanding of potential complications. Results A total of 938 participants completed the survey, with a mean age of 28.53 years; 65.2% were female. Only 9% of the participants demonstrated high general awareness of stroke, while 61.4% scored low. Awareness of stroke as a medical emergency was high (92.6%), yet knowledge of complications was limited, with 67.5% scoring low. Female and single participants showed significantly higher knowledge levels (p < 0.05), and higher education was strongly associated with better awareness (p < 0.001). Conclusions The study revealed substantial gaps in stroke-related knowledge among the Saudi population, particularly among males, married individuals, and those with lower educational attainment. Targeted public health interventions are needed to improve awareness, focusing on culturally appropriate education that emphasizes early symptom recognition and risk factor management.

Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a non-thermal alternative to cryoballoon ablation (CBA) for pulmonary vein isolation in atrial fibrillation (AF). We compared their procedural efficiency, safety, and 1-year outcomes. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and Embase through October 2025 for randomized and comparative cohort studies of adults undergoing PFA or CBA. Outcomes were procedure duration, fluoroscopy time, left-atrial dwell time, periprocedural complications, and 1-year atrial arrhythmia recurrence, synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses with AF-type subgroup analyses. Twenty-three studies were included overall, of which 22 contributed to the quantitative synthesis. Overall, PFA shortened procedure duration versus CBA (mean difference [MD] − 11.50 min, 95

2, 2-dihydroxyindane-1, 3-dione(ninhydrin) and oxalyldihydrazide based Schiff base (SB) ligand and its transition metal complexes were prepared, isolated, and characterized by various spectral and analytical methods. Ligand coordinates in 1:1 ligand to metal ratio as a tetradentate (NN'OO'-donor) in all the complexes favored by obtained analytical results. Molar conductance values (15–25 Ω−1cm2mol−1) suggest the non-ionic nature of complexes. Thermal analysis displayed that the complexes are thermally more stable than ligands. Cobalt complex reported with higher catalytic activity, whereas the copper and zinc complexes exhibited stronger antioxidant activity. The antifungal activity was performed against five plant pathogenic fungi viz., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Alternaria alternata, and Rhizoctonia solani, and the results revealed excellent antifungal activity with all the complexes. Antibacterial activity was also done with five gram-positive bacteria namely, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Streptococcus viridans, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium xerosis and three gram-negative bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneuomoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cu(II) complex and Zn(II) complex were found to be the most active antimicrobial complexes and showed maximum inhibition of fungi as well as bacteria. The anthelmintic activity of compounds was also performed using Pheretima posthuma, and the compounds were also found to be anthelmintic. Current research on SB metal complexes forms a strong basis in the development of new metal-based therapeutics and in the investigation of biomedical uses of SB complexes.