в статье исследуются особенности функционирования иноязычного элемента «анти» в качестве самостоятельной лексической единицы на материале российских СМИ 2020-2026 годов. Актуальность работы обусловлена активизацией процессов автономизации служебных морфем в современном русском языке, а также высокой степенью поляризации общественно-политического дискурса в рассматриваемый период. Материалом исследования послужили 320 контекстов, отобранных из публикаций зарегистрированных в РФ средств массовой информации. В работе использованы описательно-аналитический метод, контекстуальный и словообразовательный анализ, элементы количественного подсчета. В результате исследования выявлены основные типы функционирования элемента «анти»: субстантивированное употребление в роли имени существительного, использование в составе аналитических конструкций с варьированием позиции, функционирование в качестве заголовочного комплекса, терминологизация и формирование устойчивых сочетаний. Установлено, что доминирующей сферой употребления является политический дискурс (42%). Определены грамматические особенности единицы (способность к субстантивации, сочетаемость с определителями) и ее прагматический потенциал (реализация функций оценки, идентификации, эвфемизации, конструирования альтернативной картины мира). Делается вывод о закреплении за «анти» статуса самостоятельной лексемы, что отражает общую тенденцию к усилению аналитических черт в современном русском языке и требует дальнейшего изучения в ряду других автономизированных префиксов. the article examines the functional features of the foreign language element «anti» as an independent lexical unit based on the material of Russian mass media from 2020 to 2026. The relevance of the work is determined by the increasing processes of autonomization of auxiliary morphemes in the modern Russian language, as well as the high degree of polarization of socio-political discourse during the period under study. The research material consists of 320 contexts selected from publications of mass media registered in the Russian Federation. The study employs descriptive-analytical method, contextual and word-formation analysis, and elements of quantitative calculation. The research identifies the main types of functioning of the element "anti": substantivized use as a noun, utilization within analytical constructions with positional variation, functioning as a headline complex, terminologization, and formation of stable combinations. It is established that the dominant sphere of usage is political discourse (42%). The grammatical features of the unit (capacity for substantivization, compatibility with modifiers) and its pragmatic potential (realization of functions of evaluation, identification, euphemization, and construction of an alternative worldview) are determined. The conclusion is drawn that «anti» has acquired the status of an independent lexeme, which reflects the general trend towards strengthening analytical features in the modern Russian language and requires further study among other autonomized prefixes.
This article analyzes the current state of prevention and control of the spread of extremist and terrorist ideology in the Russian Federation. Combating these phenomena has become highly relevant in recent years due to a number of factors, ranging from the escalation of geopolitical conflicts to the influence of information and digitalization processes on the dynamics of the development of unlawful behavior of an extremist and terrorist nature. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the organization and implementation of prevention and control of the spread of violent ideology are the basis for effective anti-extremist and counter-terrorism activities, since this function is focused on the preliminary influence on the processes of the emergence, formation, and development of illegal ideas and views, including their implementation. Despite the fact that this function receives close attention from the state, entities with the corresponding potential (civil society institutions, public associations, individuals) are far from fully involved in the prevention and control of extremism and terrorism. It is noted that the effectiveness of preventive and warning measures applied should be regularly assessed for further improvement and the elimination of quantitative approaches to their organization and implementation.
Relevance: The relevance of the research is determined by the need to comprehend the role of collective obligations (fard al-kifayah) in the Islamic legal tradition as a mechanism for regulating social relations and distributing responsibility between the individual and society in the context of contemporary challenges facing Muslim communities. Main objective: A comprehensive analysis of the institution of collective obligations in the Islamic legal tradition, including its doctrinal content, historical evolution, and contemporary application. Issues addressed: defining the concept of fard al-kifayah and its distinction from individual obligations; classification of collective obligations (funeral rites, jihad, acquisition of knowledge, social assistance); development of the doctrine from early mentions in al-Shafi’i to theoretical conceptualization in the works of al-Juwayni and al-Ghazali; determining the boundaries of the community responsible for fulfilling collective obligations; the role of the Islamic state in coordinating fard al-kifayah; contemporary actualization of the principle. Methods employed: The historical-legal method was applied to reconstruct the genesis and evolution of the fard al-kifayah concept in the context of Islamic jurisprudence development; comparative-legal analysis revealed the features of collective obligations interpretation in the four Sunni madhabs and identified points of consensus; the systematic approach ensured consideration of the institution within the structure of Islamic law in relation to other legal categories; the hermeneutical method was used for contextual interpretation of classical Arabic legal texts considering their historical and cultural specificity. Conclusions: The institution of collective obligations represents a unique mechanism linking individual piety with the common good and stimulating solidarity within the Muslim community. The principle «if some fulfill it, the obligation is lifted from the rest, but if no one fulfills it, everyone bears the sin» ensures a harmonious combination of personal and collective responsibility. In contemporary conditions, the concept of fard al-kifayah remains relevant as a foundation for organizing education, social assistance, protection of Muslim rights, and other spheres of public life.
The present article examines the features of the formation of informal practices in the institute of the investigation of the police department. The theoretical framework of the study is the micro-sociological approach to the understanding of social actions of individuals, presented by works in the field of ethnomethodology, semiotics, symbolic interactionism. As an auxiliary theoretical concept, the systemic theory of Niklas Luhmann and his concept of trivial and non-trivial machines act. The main thesis put forward by the authors is that investigators of the Internal Affairs Department, who are supposed to be guided solely by regulatory legal acts in their daily professional activities, cannot help but be influenced by the social norms and conditions of the social situation in which their activities unfold. This is particularly evident in the research conducted by representatives of various micro-sociological schools. In conclusion, the authors argue that 1) informal practices are a part of social reality, and 2) such actions do not necessarily constitute examples of delinquent behavior.
The research aims to provide a theoretical and methodological substantiation of the conceptual foundations, principles, and limitations of modeling a competitive educational environment in higher education institutions within the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The article views the educational environment of a departmental university as an integrated multi-component model of professional activity, encompassing material-spatial conditions and socio-pedagogical relationships among learning subjects. Competitiveness is interpreted as a didactically implemented pedagogical principle that imparts to the educational process the character of an organized “serious game” and healthy competition, aimed at increasing student engagement and professional readiness. Based on theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific sources, key principles for pedagogical modeling of a competitive environment are systematized: systematicity and professional contextuality, transparency and fairness of rules, personality-oriented variability, emotional involvement while maintaining motivational balance, collectivism and teamwork, multi-stage progression and continuity, openness and mass participation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in identifying and describing a complex of limitations for implementing competitive mechanisms, considering the specifics of departmental education (militarized structure, subordination, demands for teamwork): the risk of increased stress and frustration in case of failure, the potential for heightened conflict and division of the group into “leaders” and “outsiders”, the shift of academic motivation towards external stimuli, as well as organizational-methodological and normative-ethical frameworks for designing and evaluating results. The findings concretize the pedagogical content of modeling a competitive educational environment within a departmental university by systematizing its design principles and identifying the limitations of pedagogically permissible use of competitiveness as a controlled mechanism for student professional training.
