Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology

This study evaluates stability of a shallow foundation (width, B) resting above a circular subsurface tunnel in cohesive–frictional soil under eccentric loading using Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA). The analysis is performed with respect to the key parameters: tunnel depth (N/B), horizontal tunnel offset (M/B), load eccentricity (e/B), effective friction angle (φ′), and unit weight influence parameter (γB/c′). The non-dimensional stability number (Ns) is adopted to characterize foundation response, while the stability reduction index (SRI) and corresponding failure mechanisms quantify tunnel–foundation interaction. The results indicate that, most critical condition occurs at M/B = 0 for N/B = 1, where Ns = 0.4–0.6 and SRI reaches 93–95%, with significant interaction within − 3.5 < M/B < +3.5. As N/B increases to 2 and 2.5, the critical horizontal band contracts to − 2.5 < M/B < +2.5 and − 1.5 < M/B < +1.5, respectively. Increasing N/B from 1 to 2.5 raises Ns from approximately 3.0 to nearly 10.5 under concentric loading, while SRI decreases from about 80% to 35–40%. Increasing eccentricity to e/B = 0.4 reduces SRI to nearly 10%, although Ns decreases due to eccentric loading. At N/B = 1; M/B = 0, Ns decreases from about 1.6 to nearly 0.6 with increasing γB/c′, whereas Ns increases from 0.5 to 1.7 at the same alignment with increasing φ′. Failure mechanisms shift from punching to general shear with increasing tunnel depth and offset. An artificial neural network model predicts Ns with high accuracy, achieving coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9819.

The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the highly prospective approaches towards solving the energy crisis around the world and utilizing sunlight to generate electricity. Such renewable and abundant energy is a way of moving toward sustainable development in order to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, promote environmental conservation, and enhance long-term energy stability. Although Pb-based PSCs show excellent efficiencies, their intrinsic toxicity raises great concern from a sustainability perspective. Despite this, Sn-based perovskites present an eco-friendly alternative, though their stability and efficiency remain comparatively lower. This work has been undertaken to systematically examine and compare the performance of Sn and Pb-based PSCs with the purpose of elucidating the fundamental causes of their contrasting photovoltaic behavior. The present article comprehensively examines the comparative modeling and performance optimization of two device configurations: FTO /TiO2 /FAPbI3 /Spiro-OMeTAD /Au (PSC1) and FTO/TiO2/FASnI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au (PSC2) with the help of SCAPS-1D software. The investigation involves various optimizations such as active layer thickness, bulk defect density (Nt), shallow acceptor density (NA), internal resistances, and work function to maximize the output of each cell. After optimization, the output parameters achieved for PSC1 include JSC of 26.74 mA/cm2, VOC of 1.31 V, FF of 89.37

In the existing Scenario, threats are getting larger as a consistent cybersecurity problem, which attacks computer systems, handheld devices, and ubiquitous networks. The current generation of highly critical malware has also surpassed the traditional detection methods in various aspects such as accuracy, flexibility and resilience to the original attack methods. The given research is a systematic literature review of threat detection aiming to examine the literature published since 2015 to 2025 to assess the current status of the field of research and categorize the main issues or possible directions of further research that warrant further research. A new taxonomic system of discovery modes depending on deep learning and machine learning is proposed, which is viewed by datasets, feature extaction systems and algorithmic categorizers. Moreover, it gives some discussion of experimental bias that has a major influence on the performance of malware detection and defines critical measures of effectiveness to evaluate the effectiveness, and certain undefined research problems. This paper introduces possibilities of improving detection method and creates insights on plausible solutions and future research directions. Lastly, the current paper discusses the anomalies that may be experienced in digital twin and how to identify.

Dynamic compaction is widely employed as a ground improvement technique; however, its influence on soil–structure interface behaviour is rarely incorporated into design practice. In particular, limited attention has been given to how dynamic compaction–induced densification may influence soil-concrete interface parameters in low-compressibility silts through indirect assessment methods. This study presents a CPT-based analytical framework to infer changes in soil-concrete interface friction parameters in an ML-type silt deposit subjected to dynamic compaction. Field investigations were conducted before and after dynamic compaction using a custom-fabricated conical tamper, and subsurface conditions were characterized through static cone penetration tests (CPT). Soil friction angles were derived from normalized CPT parameters using established correlations, and corresponding soil–concrete interface friction angles were estimated under an adopted interface reduction factor. Results indicate that dynamic compaction leads to a substantial increase in cone resistance and CPT-inferred soil friction angle within the improved zone. Under the stated reduction framework, these changes propagate analytically to an estimated enhancement in soil–concrete interface shear capacity. The study provides a structured CPT-based inference approach that enables estimation of ground improvement effects on interface parameters in the absence of direct interface shear testing.

Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable sources for sustainable electricity generation, and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a highly efficient photovoltaic technology. However, conventional PSCs often suffer from stability issues and environmental concerns associated with lead-based materials. In this work, a hybrid Dion–Jacobson (DJ) 2D–3D perovskite solar cell architecture is numerically investigated using the SCAPS-1D simulation platform. The proposed device structure (Au/SrCu2O2/PEDA/BaZr0.96Ti0.04S3/SnS2/FTO) incorporates a DJ-phase PEDA layer as a 2D interfacial material and a lead-free chalcogenide perovskite BaZr0.96Ti0.04S3 absorber to enhance device stability and performance. A systematic parametric optimization of transport layers, absorber thickness, acceptor density, and operating temperature is performed to understand their influence on photovoltaic performance. The optimized device exhibits a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 31.98