Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University or simply University of Gorakhpur is located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.The University of Gorakhpur is a teaching and residential-cum-affiliating University. It is situated at a distance of about 2 kilometers from the downtown to the east and almost walking distance from railway station to the south. It is situated at a distance of about 2 kilometers from the downtown to the east and almost walking distance from railway station to the south..
Nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as transformative agro-intervention agents with significant potential for improving bioformulation delivery, pathogen control, and soil fertility management. However, their efficacy is governed by a dualistic, dose-dependent nature; while excessive concentrations may pose environmental risks, controlled low-level applications can stimulate beneficial microbial growth and enzymatic activities. This phenomenon, known as hormesis, is essential for optimizing the nutrient cycling necessary for sustainable soil health. This review synthesizes contemporary insights into the varied impacts of NPs on agriculturally beneficial microbial (ABM) systems, particularly focusing on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and the production of secondary metabolites such as siderophores and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The review explicates mechanisms of NP-induced enzyme activity, relating these to the complexities of real soil environments, including factors like pH, organic matter content, and mineralogy, which influence NP behavior and bioavailability. Furthermore, it explores enzymatic activation pathways and proposes a framework for NP-microbe signaling involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) and microbial gene expression modulation. The authors stress the need for environmentally mindful NP designs, standardized ecological assessments via life cycle assessments (LCA), and robust regulations for the safe incorporation of nanotechnology in agriculture, which is necessary for fostering healthy soils and sustainable plant growth. Additionally, it highlights cutting-edge research on NP-mediated CRISPR-Cas technology for targeted microbial modifications and the role of deep neural networks (DNNs) in nano-ecotoxicology predictions, thereby linking nanoscience with microbial ecology to inform future research and agricultural policy. This review provides a holistic perspective that bridges nanoscience and microbial ecology, paving the way for sustainable innovation in managing soil health and plant nutrition. Engineered nanoparticles influence the soil–plant–microbiome system. The figure summarizes beneficial effects such as improved nutrient cycling, plant growth promotion, nitrogen fixation support, pathogen suppression, and quorum sensing disruption, alongside potential risks including microbial resistance development and enhanced horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes under prolonged or high-dose nanoparticle exposure. Abbreviations: NP= Nanoparticle; NPs = Nanoparticles; AMF = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; RAM: Rhizospheric beneficial microorganisms; nHAP= Nano hydroxyapatite; HGT = Horizontal gene transfer; ARGs = Antibiotic resistance genes; Low and high dose effects indicate concentration-dependent biological responses in agroecosystems
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) gene has emerged as a pivotal player in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the PPARγ gene, its functions, its polymorphic association with diabetes mellitus and other associated complications, and its role in the response to antidiabetic drugs. A narrative comprehensive review was conducted using peer-reviewed literatures on PPARγ which were published during 2015 to 2025. Relevant studies were retrieved from databases including Pubmed, Scopus, World Health Organization (WHO) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and were considered in our studies. PPARγ is a nuclear receptor that modulates gene expression upon binding to specific ligands, primarily thiazolidinediones (TZDs). These ligands have been extensively used as antidiabetic drugs due to their ability to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. However, genetic variations in the PPARγ gene can influence drug response and efficacy, leading to variations in therapeutic outcomes. This review explored the molecular mechanisms of PPARγ, its role in diabetes, and the interplay between genetic variations and drug response. A deeper understanding of these interactions holds the potential to personalize antidiabetic therapies based on an individual's genetic makeup.
Synthetic dyes from textile and other industrial sectors are persistent pollutants and composed of complex aromatic structures, which makes them resistant to the conventional methods of treatment. In recent years, white rot fungi like Pleurotus spp. have received promising attention as an environmentally friendly green alternative for dye detoxification and decolorization. Extracellular ligninolytic enzymes produced from such white rot fungi (like laccase, LiP or lignin peroxidase, MnP or manganese peroxidase, DyP or dye-decolorizing peroxidase) oxidize a wide spectrum of dyes synergistically. In its mechanism, dye adsorption on the biomass of fungi occurs initially, followed by the disruption of chromophore, breakdown of azo bonds, and the progressive aromatic rings’ degradation by the enzymatic oxidation process. Immobilization strategies, optimization process, and integration with advanced methods of oxidation may make this green method more promising and effective. Overall, Pleurotus strains and their enzymes represent a sustainable, eco-friendly, green, and versatile technique for bioremediation of dye molecules. Wide enzymatic capability and adaptability of such fungi highlight the potential of addition in the systems of next-generation wastewater treatment, principally when united with advanced method schemes that improve the stability, scalability, and safety of the finally treated effluents. This review has been prepared to explore the advantages and challenges associated with the use of Pleurotus species and their enzymes in dye bioremediation. Insightful, systematic and critical discussions have been performed on the potential mechanisms, various factors affecting the decolorization process, potential challenges, bottlenecks, and possible solutions. Techno-economic feasibility of Pleurotus species and their enzyme-based systems in dye’s bioremediation process has also been critically assessed and explored along with conclusion and future perspectives.
The WRKY transcription factor family regulates growth, and phytochrome signalling, and confers tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses across the plant species. In this study, a genome-wide analysis of the WRKY TF family in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L), a well-adapted crop to subsistence farming of drylands and semiarid regions of the world was conducted. A total of 179 EcWRKY genes were mined and categorized based on their conserved zinc-finger motif and WRKY DNA binding domains. The gene structure analysis revealed that EcWRKY have introns varying from intron less to five in numbers and most of them have three exons. The gene ontology and cis regulatory elements suggest that MYB, MYC, and W-box are the most prevalent regulatory elements in the promoter region of finger millet, contributing to stress tolerance, plant-pathogen interactions, and MAPK signalling. The probability of EcWRKY genes being expressed under salinity and drought conditions was predicted using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms prior to conducting expression profiling. Using ML, the five EcWRKY candidate genes were predicted to be expressed under salinity and drought stress and were validated through qRT-PCR expression profiling. However, one of the gene EcWRKY99 seems to be potential candidate for both salinity and drought stress, based on its abundant transcripts in the finger millet root and shoot tissues. To the best of our knowledge for the first time and efforts have been made to understand the regulatory mechanism and functional characterization of the WRKY gene family in finger millet using a holistic approach comprising of bioinformatics, machine learning and wet-lab based experimentation. It will provide a basis for further in-depth analysis of these important gene families in an underutilized but sturdy crop like finger millet. This article aligns with SDG 15 (Life on Land) of the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The increasing global demand for advanced energy storage systems in portable electronics and electric vehicles necessitates the development of electrode materials with enhanced charge storage capabilities and improved cycling durability. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a member of the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), holds promise for supercapacitor applications; however, its practical use is constrained by its low intrinsic conductivity and tendency to restack into layers. In this work, we present a systematic study on cobalt-doped MoS2 (CMS) nanoparticles synthesized via a controlled hydrothermal route with varying Co content (0, 1, 3, and 5 mol
