Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials in cancer therapy because of their unique physicochemical properties. This review comprehensively analyzes the roles of GQDs in cancer diagnostics and treatment, highlighting their biocompatibility, tunable photoluminescence, and surface functionalization capabilities. GQDs exhibit minimal toxicity, efficient cellular uptake, and favorable biodistribution, making them suitable for targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Their intrinsic fluorescence also enables real-time bioimaging, supporting theranostic applications. This study explores their mechanisms of action, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, heat-induced ablation, and pH-responsive drug release. GQDs have demonstrated efficacy across various cancers, such as breast, lung, brain, liver, and pancreatic cancers, through enhanced drug/gene delivery, biosensing, and image-guided therapy. Despite encouraging preclinical results, challenges related to toxicity profiling, standardization, regulatory frameworks, and scalability remain significant barriers to clinical translation. This review emphasizes the therapeutic versatility of GQDs and underscores the need for further research to overcome translational hurdles and realize their full potential in personalized cancer care.
With the growing reliance on digital data transmission, ensuring the security of sensitive image data has become critical. This paper introduces a novel cryptographic method, the Latin Square Image Cipher (LSIC), implemented within a Substitution–Permutation Network (SPN) architecture to enhance image security. The LSIC uses symmetric encryption with keyed 256 × 256 Latin squares, which has strong properties for both diffusion and confusion. The probabilistic encryption feature introduces randomness to the least significant bits of images, significantly increasing security against differential attacks by generating varied ciphertext even with the same encryption key. Comparative analysis with existing cryptographic methods demonstrates that the proposed LSIC method outperforms others in key security metrics. The method achieves higher information entropy, which means that the encrypted images are less predictable, and it does a great job of diffusion, with a NPCR of 99.6689
Benzimidazole is a recognized nitrogenous heterocycle renowned for its many pharmacological and biological properties. In medicinal chemistry, its core structure is a privileged scaffold, and many of its derivatives have promising therapeutic applications. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of biological activities, physicochemical characteristics, and synthetic approaches of benzimidazole and its derivatives. The study also highlights the utility of these substances in ongoing drug discovery initiatives. Both conventional and current synthetic approaches, including eco-friendly and green chemistry approaches, were covered in a thorough literature review. Benzimidazole’s physicochemical characteristics were evaluated in order to determine how it affected biological activity. A range of pharmacological profiles from published experimental studies was analyzed. Several traditional and environmentally friendly synthetic pathways for benzimidazole derivatives have been established. These compounds display a broad spectrum of biological activity, encompassing antibacterial, antiviral, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, antiprotozoal, and anticancer effects. Important structural characteristics that affect their pharmacokinetics and bioactivity are revealed by the physicochemical analysis. Benzimidazole is still a useful building block for the creation of new medicinal substances. It is a major focus in therapeutic chemistry due to its broad biological properties, chemical stability, and ease of synthetic accessibility. The present state and prospects for benzimidazole-based drug design and development are discussed in this review.
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent a leading cause of disability worldwide, with physiotherapy being a primary intervention strategy. Objective: This retrospective study investigates the long-term impact of physiotherapy interventions on musculoskeletal disorders across multiple outcome domains. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted examining 1,247 patients with MSDs who received physiotherapy treatment between 2019-2024. Primary outcomes included pain reduction, functional improvement, healthcare utilization, and economic impacts. Results: Physiotherapy demonstrated significant improvements in functional outcomes (p<0.001), with 76.3% of patients showing clinically meaningful improvement at 12-month follow-up. Healthcare costs reduced by 23.4% following physiotherapy intervention. Conclusion: Physiotherapy provides substantial long-term benefits for MSD management, with sustained improvements in function and costeffectiveness demonstrated across multiple healthcare settings.
Introduction: Ficus mysorensis is traditionally used in ethnomedicine, yet its neuropharmacological potential remains underexplored. The plant's diverse phytochemicals may confer anticonvulsant, sedative, and anxiolytic effects. This study aimed to evaluate its neuropharmacological activities, characterize its phytochemical composition, and elucidate molecular interactions with Central Nervous System (CNS) targets through docking studies. Methods: Successive extraction was performed using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol. Extracts underwent preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC (High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) analysis, and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Neuropharmacological evaluations included in vivo models: Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures (anticonvulsant), pentobarbital-induced sleep (sedative), and elevated plus maze/open-field tests (anxiolytic). Molecular docking was conducted using Schrödinger Maestro against dopamine D2 receptors, with Risperidone as the reference ligand. MMGBSA binding energy and hydrogen bond interactions were used to determine binding efficiency. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. GC-MS identified major constituents, including akuammilan-17-ol and 1,6;3,4- dianhydro-2-deoxy-β-D-lyxo-hexopyranose. The Hydroalcoholic Extract (HFM) showed 16.67% seizure protection in PTZ-induced seizures. In silico results revealed that Risperidone exhibited a docking score of -11.390 kcal/mol and an MMGBSA energy of -91.17 kcal/mol, with key hydrogen bonds to Asp114, Trp386, and Phe390, validating a strong binding affinity. Discussion: HFM demonstrated moderate neuropharmacological efficacy, supported by bioactive constituents that showed strong in silico binding to central nervous system targets, particularly dopamine D2 receptors. Conclusion: This study highlights Ficus mysorensis as a promising source of neuroactive compounds with anticonvulsant, sedative, and anxiolytic potential, warranting further investigation and the isolation of lead constituents for the development of CNS drugs.
