Management & Science University (abbreviated as MSU Malaysia or simply MSU) is a private university in Malaysia located in Shah Alam, Selangor. The university was founded in 2001 as University College of Technology & Management Malaysia before officially becoming a full fledge university in October 2007 as Management & Science University.Management & Science University is a member of the MSU Holdings which comprises MSU College, Management & Science Institute, MSU Kids, MSU Medical Centre, MSU Foundation, Sekolah Bina Insan MSU Foundation, Jakarta Institute of Technology and Health, and Ilmu Ekonomi Penguji High School.MSU has been accorded ‘Excellent Status University’ twice on the national university-rating system, and named the ‘Best Entrepreneurial Private University’ by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. As an applied and enterprise university, MSU offers programmes of study at postgraduate, undergraduate, and foundation levels, through connected pathways that admit students from all walks of life and personal backgrounds.A graduate tracer study by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MoHE) shows 98.6% of MSU graduates secure employment within six months of their graduation. MSU was ranked at 541 to 550 in the 2020 QS World University Rankings and 271 in the 2019 QS Asia University Rankings that makes MSU among top 51% world's best universities and top 1.8% Asia's best universities respectively. MSU was also ranked at 301+ in the 2019 Times Higher Education World University Impact Rankings.
Artificial intelligence (AI) in construction arbitration can enhance efficiency, lower costs and speed up dispute resolution. But this integration creates a fundamental legal tension between the “black-box” nature of AI systems and the statutory duty of arbitrators to provide human-reason awards. The study adopts a doctrinal legal research methodology to compare the regulatory readiness of the two jurisdictions for AI in construction arbitration, addressing a unique gap in the existing literature concerning emerging Asian economies like India and Malaysia. In Malaysia, interim statutory adjudication and commercial arbitration are clearly differentiated by their comparative parameters. The paper distinguishes between administrative AI tools and algorithms for decision-making and addresses major legal risks, including potential violations of due process, the ‘equality of arms’ and cross-border data protection limitations within the framework of Malaysian and Indian legal systems. Finally, the article synthesises comparative global practices from the EU, US and China to suggest a “Hybrid Governance Model”. This model balances soft-law institutional guidelines against hard-law statutory amendments in a systematic manner to safely embed AI into construction dispute resolution, all while rigorously safeguarding procedural fairness and arbitral enforceability.
BACKGROUND The external carotid artery (ECA) supplies major extracranial structures of the head and neck and typically gives rise to 8 branches. Among its ventral branches, the lingual and facial arteries normally arise independently; however, they may occasionally share a common origin, known as the linguofacial trunk (LFT). Recognizing these variants is crucial for surgeons and radiologists to prevent surgical errors and ensure effective treatment. CASE REPORT During a routine cadaveric dissection in the Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar, we systematically examined the carotid triangle to assess the branching pattern of the ECA. A unilateral LFT was identified on the right side of a male cadaver. The trunk originated approximately 10 mm from the anterior surface of the ECA, just superior to the carotid bifurcation, giving rise to both the lingual and facial arteries. The superior thyroid artery arose independently below this level. On the left side, the ECA branching pattern followed the classical description, with separate lingual and facial arteries. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published cadaveric case report describing an LFT in a donor from Myanmar, highlighting unilateral LFT as a clinically significant anatomic variation of the ECA. Recognition of this variant is critical in head and neck surgery, selective arterial ligation, and interventional oncology, where failure to identify variant ECA patterns can compromise procedural success and patient safety.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers with significant potential for drug delivery. However, a challenge remains in their application for encapsulating highly water-soluble drugs. This study aims to develop and optimise PHA-based nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) for the delivery of verapamil hydrochloride (VRP·HCl) using a systematic statistical approach. A quaternary PHA copolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate-co-5-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(3HB-co-4HB-co-5HV-co-3HHx)], was biosynthesised using genetically modified Cupriavidus necator. Polymer characterisation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Gas Chromatography (GC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay confirmed a high-purity (97 ± 5 wt%) and endotoxin-free P(3HB-co-4HB-co-5HV-co-3HHx) copolymer with a monomer composition of 69 mol% 3HB, 14 mol% 4HB, 12 mol% 5HV, and 5 mol% 3HHx. VRP·HCl-loaded NPs and MPs were prepared via a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method and optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) to predict and evaluate the influence of polymer mass, drug mass, and stabiliser concentration on particle size, drug loading (DL), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), DL, and EE were evaluated experimentally. The optimised NP and MP formulations achieved mean particle sizes of 245.06 ± 0.01 nm and 2.23 ± 1.50 µm, with maximum EE of 38.95 ± 20.37% and 45.23 ± 2.85%, respectively. The corresponding DL values for NPs and MPs were 23.37 ± 12.22% and 18.09 ± 1.14%, respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated good model predictability within the explored design space, enabling the identification of formulation regions governed primarily by polymer mass, drug distribution, and emulsion characteristics. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of encapsulating a hydrophilic drug within a fully hydrophobic, biodegradable PHA matrix while establishing a systematic optimisation framework for the development of PHA-based NP and MP drug delivery systems.
