Maulana Azad National Urdu University is a Central University located in the city of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana. It was named after Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India's first Minister of Education, a freedom fighter in India's struggle for independence, and a scholar of Islam and Urdu literature. It was the only Urdu university in India until the second university was built in the city of Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh in 2015.
A Fe-Sn-Ni ternary metal oxide nanocomposite (FSN-MONC) was synthesized via co-precipitation for the efficient adsorption of Congo Red (CR), an azo dye micropollutant known for persistence and toxicity. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the irregular porous architecture and nanoscale particle aggregation, offering high surface area and abundant adsorption sites. Elemental mapping verified the homogeneous distribution of Fe, Sn, and Ni, while TEM and SAED confirmed highly crystalline nanoparticles (2-20 nm) with polycrystalline multi-phase structure. FTIR and XRD analyses identified metal-oxygen bonds and the coexistence of individual oxide phases (Fe2O3, SnO2, NiO) and mixed phases (NiFe2O4 spinel). BET analysis revealed mesoporosity with a surface area of 243.78 m2/g. Adsorption studies achieved 87.92 % CR removal under optimized conditions, fitting pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm, consistent with chemisorption and monolayer coverage. Comparative analysis with literature data shows that FSN-MONC exhibits competitive performance (76.87 mg/g). Box-Behnken Design systematically evaluated the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, concentration, contact time, and temperature. The Fe-Sn-Ni combination imparted synergistic stability, surface activity, and adsorption capacity. FSN-MONC maintained excellent reusability over five cycles, underscoring its promise as a cost-effective, sustainable adsorbent for CR dye removal in wastewater treatment.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses an increasingly serious threat to the security of classical cryptographic protocols, undermining the mathematical foundations of RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography, which is of great danger to cloud computing environments where data transmission confidentiality is of paramount importance. Hence, this paper presents the Lattice Post-Quantum Optimized Key Distribution (LPQ-OKD) protocol. The proposed LPQ-OKD protocol enables efficient, quantum-resistant, and scalable key management for cloud-based communication. The implementation of the lattice-based cryptography within the LPQ-OKD model provides a high level of security against classical and quantum-enabled attacks while maintaining low key generation and exchange latency. Performance, resource utilization, real-time throughput and attack resistance were assessed by carrying out extensive experiments with several lattice dimensions (n = 256, 384, 512, 768, 1024, 1536), and session volumes (1,000–100,000 sessions). Findings show that LPQ-OKD is capable of having ultra-secure protection of key entropy of 251.8 to 255.4 bits, session success rates of 99.85
Copper(II) ion (Cu2+) are vital trace elements however, their imbalance is linked to serious health disorders such as Wilson's disease, Menkes syndrome, and neurodegenerative conditions, as well as environmental toxicity. Conventional analytical methods, though precise, are costly and unsuitable for rapid or on-site detection. Imidazole-based chemosensors have emerged as promising alternatives because of their excellent Cu2+ binding capability, tunable photophysical properties, and simple design. Their sensing responses are mediated by chelation-enhanced fluorescence/quenching, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Since 2015 imidazole derivatives, such as Schiff base imidazole, bis-imidazole, imidazolium salts, and N-heterocyclic carbine precursors have demonstrated excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and low detection limits, with readout modes spanning colorimetric, fluorescence turn-on/turn-off, and ratiometric sensing. These advances highlight the potential of imidazole-based chemosensors for environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and cellular imaging, while future developments aim at multifunctional probes with enhanced biocompatibility and real-time applicability.
Salinity stress is a critical abiotic constraint that impairs crop productivity across both irrigated and rainfed agroecosystems. In recent years, nanotechnology has gained considerable attention in agriculture due to its potential to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Although nano-biochar (nano-BC) has been widely investigated for improving soil fertility, limited information is available regarding its effects on Brassica napus L. (rapeseed) under salinity stress. The present study evaluated the impact of nano-BC on rapeseed growth, photosynthetic performance, antioxidant defense, osmolyte accumulation, soil enzymatic activities, and soil physicochemical properties under saline conditions. At the flowering stage, plants were treated with two levels of nano-BC (75 g and 150 g plant-1). Salinity stress markedly impaired plant performance, as indicated by a 53% increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a 68% increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), reflecting enhanced oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. Application of nano-BC significantly mitigated these adverse effects by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) (71%), peroxidase (POX) (69%), and catalase (CAT) (81%), along with improved flavonoids (16% and 21%), anthocyanins (23% and 31%), and protein content (14% and 19%) respectively over their controls. Moreover, nano-BC application substantially increased soil enzymatic activities and improved key soil physicochemical properties, thereby enhancing nutrient availability and overall soil fertility. Overall, the findings demonstrate that nano-BC effectively alleviates salinity-induced stress by improving plant physiological performance, strengthening antioxidant defense systems, promoting osmoprotectants accumulation, and enhancing soil health. These findings underscore the potential of nano-BC as an effective and sustainable approach for enhancing rapeseed productivity under saline conditions.
Soil salinity severely limits rice productivity by impairing photosynthesis, disturbing ion homeostasis and accelerating oxidative injury. The study aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of biochar (BC), SiO2 nanoparticles (Si-NPs) and their combined composite SiO2 nano-modified biochar (SBC) in enhancing salt tolerance in rice. Material characterization (SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD) confirmed successful anchoring of SiO2 onto the biochar matrix, forming a highly reactive nano-carbon composite. In this study rice plants under moderate salinity (EC ≈ 7 dS m-1) conditions exhibited pronounced growth inhibition, excessive Na+ accumulation, elevated oxidative damage and impaired photosynthetic performance. In contrast, application of SBC substantially outperformed BC and Si-NPs and markedly alleviated stress symptoms. Relative to the CK-S, SBC reduced H2O2 and MDA by 55.4 % and 38.2 %, respectively, and enhanced SOD, POD and CAT activities by 39.5, 47.3 % and 31.3 %. Photosynthetic performance also improved significantly, with increase of 72.5 % in Pn, 77.2 % in Gs, 178.6 % and in ETR. SBC also improved the osmotic adjustment raising starch and sucrose content by 62.1 % and 70.9 % while reducing excessive proline accumulation by 30.6 %. Ion homeostasis improved through lower Na+ uptake and higher K+ retention resulting in a markedly higher K+/Na+ ratio through application of SBC. Furthermore, SEM imaging and transcript analysis revealed improved stomatal structure and root anatomical resilience while qRT-PCR showed upregulation of key stress-responsive genes associated with antioxidant and ion-transport pathways. These findings demonstrate that SBC provides a synergistic biochar-nanoparticle mechanism that comprehensively enhances rice tolerance to salinity, offering a promising and sustainable amendment for improving productivity in salt-affected agricultural systems.
