The relevance of the study is emphasized by the continued essential importance of rice for the food systems of many countries. The purpose of the study is to analyze the external rice trade in Southeast Asian countries and its impact on food systems changes. The methodological basis of the research is a set of scientific methods, including the study of Russian and foreign literature, systematic, comparative and statistical analysis, as well as comparison of dynamic series. The article notes that currently the popularity of this grain crop is still very high, and the pace and volume of its global trade increased by more than 3.5 times from 2005 to 2024. The geography and specificity of rice production are determined by the natural and climatic conditions of its cultivation, the main producers are the countries of Southeast Asia. It has been revealed that Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand account for about 15 % of the global volume. The article emphasizes that rice also plays a special role in the food systems of the states of the region, as evidenced by the 2-3.5 times higher rice consumption in Southeast Asia than the global average level. Population growth, including in regions where rice is a key food commodity, will lead to a further increase in production and the development of global trade in this crop. Based on the author’s analysis, it can be concluded that Southeast Asia will continue to play a significant role in the global rice market, which is interconnected with the transformation of food systems at both the national and global levels.
This article analyses potential markets for diversification of non-resource non-energy exports under sanctions. The African continent, though insufficiently studied at the micro level, is considered strategically promising for reorientation of export flows. The study focuses on the entry of Russian exporters of NSE into the markets of African countries from the point of assessing opportunities and risks. Systematisation and assessment of the effectiveness of measures of state financial support of exporters when entering new markets is also examined in the study. The shift from studying the African vector at macro-strategic analysis of this direction to microeconomic and practice-oriented levels is also highlighted. In the framework of this study, the barriers to entry into African markets are identified, taking into account the local specifics. The result of the study is a three-stage model of the life cycle of entering the international market proposed by the authors with recommendations for exporting companies. The study includes the description of statistical data, comparative analysis of tariff and non-tariff barriers using the examples of key countries of the region under study, and functional analysis of state support measures. The results of the study showed that the entry of Russian NSE into African markets is associated with significant opportunities, as well as with some serious risks. A thorough micro-level analysis and integration of a wide range of state support instruments are proposed as recommendations for exporters.
This article examines the digital ruble as a promising monetary policy tool for the Bank of Russia. It first describes the operational architecture of the platform, which is based on a two-tier retail model (the so-called Model D), in which the Bank of Russia acts as both issuer and platform operator, while commercial banks retain the role of intermediaries. It then analyzes the theoretical rationale for incorporating central bank digital currencies into the system of money forms and shows how the transmission mechanism of monetary policy changes once a new form of the ruble appears. Particular attention is paid to the risk of disintermediation-the outflow of funds from banks to the regulator's platform. To determine which of these effects are realistic, this study conducts a comparative analysis of international experience using the examples of the digital currencies of the central banks of China (e-CNY) and Nigeria (eNaira), and uses scenario modeling to assess the potential macroeconomic consequences of the widespread adoption of the digital ruble. The results show that the benefits and risks of the project largely depend on how carefully its parameters-limits, remuneration, and the pace of rollout-are calibrated; it is this fine-tuning that determines whether financial stability is preserved.
Purpose. The objective of this study is to analyze the concept of digital twins as a technology integrating complexity theory and artificial intelligence, and to examine their applications across various fields. Particular emphasis is placed on mathematical approaches to the construction of digital twins, their distinctions from traditional mathematical models, and future development prospects. Methods. This research employs an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating an analysis of contemporary technologies such as physics-informed neural networks, reduced-order models, graph neural networks, and reservoir computing. A comparison of first-principles and data-driven modeling methods is conducted, with a focus on their integration for creating hybrid digital twins. Results. The findings demonstrate that digital twins possess unique characteristics, including dynamism, adaptability, and bidirectional interaction with physical objects. The key advantages and limitations of various mathematical approaches are identified, encompassing their applicability in industry, medicine, economics, and other domains. A general mathematical formalization of a digital twin, integrating traditional models and machine learning methods, is proposed. Conclusion. The prospects for the development of digital twins are outlined, including the creation of end-to-end ecosystems and the advancement of hybrid approaches for modeling complex nonlinear processes. The importance of further integration of complexity theory and artificial intelligence methods to enhance the accuracy and adaptability of virtual models is emphasized. Digital twins present new opportunities for the forecasting and management of complex systems under uncertainty, establishing them as a pivotal tool in science, industry, and society.
The article provides an overview of draft regulatory legal acts in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements, as well as proposed amendments to statutes in place. The paper also analyzes the practical application of these legal acts with regard to measurement technology.
