Netaji Nagar College for Women

We provide a simple yet effective semi-analytical approach to confront Mukhanov Parametrization of inflationary equation-of-state, 1 + omega = beta/(N+1)alpha, with the latest ACT-DR6 data employing Hamilton-Jacobi formulation. We find that the equation-of-state formalism renders excellent fit to the most recent observational data. In the process we are also able to put stringent constraint on the two model parameters. In order to constrain the model parameters alpha and beta we have also made use of the recent finding r < 0.032. We have further utilized results from the joint analysis of ACT-DR6, Planck-2018 and DESI-Y1 data to find the observationally viable region for alpha and beta. We have also employed the predictions on primordial gravitational waves from forthcoming CMB missions in the likes of CMB-S4 and LiteBIRD along with results from the combined analysis of ACT-DR6, Planck-2018 and DESI-Y1 data to further restrict the model parameters. We find that detection of gravitational waves would narrow the viable parameter space for Mukhanov parametrization. But in the absence of detection of primordial tensor mode signal by those CMB missions parameter space is reduced significantly for beta, while the range of a remaining almost constant. In addition we observe that, a is primarily dependent on the observationally viable range for scalar spectral index while other model parameter beta is resting heavily on the restriction upon the tensor-to-scalar ratio. Moreover, we find that equation-of-state formalism has a wide range of parameter values consistent with recent observational data along with futuristic CMB missions in the likes of CMB-S4 and LiteBIRD. Interestingly, our analysis shows that the joint ACT-DR6, Planck-2018, DESI-Y1, and BICEP/Keck-2018 constraints restore the viability of the monomial class of inflationary models represented by alpha similar or equal to 1, while ruling out very small-field models, alpha >= 3. We have also found classical Starobinsy model just lie within 95% confidence level boundary of the joint analysis of ACT-DR6, Planck-2018, DESI-Y1 and BICEP/Keck-2018 data.

Recent geopolitical developments in the Arctic region have renewed strategic interest in Greenland, particularly from the United States. Statements and actions suggesting enhanced U.S. control over Greenland have generated diplomatic tensions involving Denmark, Greenland’s autonomous government, and broader alliance structures such as NATO. This paper employs a game-theoretic framework to analyze the strategic interaction between the United States and Denmark-Greenland, conceptualizing the episode as a Chicken-type deterrence game embedded within an alliance structure. By incorporating concepts of signaling, commitment, reputation, and endogenous payoffs, the study demonstrates how alliance formation and repeated interactions alter equilibrium outcomes over time. The analysis highlights that geopolitical outcomes are shaped not merely by relative power but by belief formation, credibility of threats, and coalition support. The paper contributes to the political economy literature by linking geopolitical signaling with economic and strategic payoffs, offering insights into the evolving nature of contemporary deterrence and alliance politics.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to debilitating motor and non-motor symptoms. Current therapeutic strategies, including levodopa, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors, and surgical interventions primarily offer symptomatic relief without halting disease progression. Long-term use of these treatments is often associated with complications such as motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, and systemic side effects, underscoring the urgent need for safer and disease-modifying approaches. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward natural products as potential therapeutic agents for PD due to their multi-targeted mechanisms and favorable safety profiles. Among these, plant-derived saponins have emerged as promising candidates owing to their diverse pharmacological properties. Saponins exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-aggregation activities, enabling them to modulate key pathological pathways involved in PD, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and α-synuclein aggregation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of various saponins such as astragaloside IV, ginsenosides, bacosides, dioscin, and notoginsenosides in animal models of PD. These compounds have been shown to preserve dopaminergic neuronal integrity, enhance mitochondrial function, regulate apoptotic signalling, and promote autophagy. Despite these promising findings, challenges such as poor bioavailability in natural products and limited access to brain remain significant barriers to clinical translation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current PD therapies and their limitations, while highlighting the therapeutic potential of plant-derived saponins as multi-target agents. It also discusses recent advances in drug delivery strategies that may enhance their clinical applicability. Overall, saponins represent a promising avenue for the development of novel neuroprotective and disease-modifying therapies for PD.

Biodegradable piezoelectric materials have emerged as promising candidates for sustainable energy harvesting in self-powered electronics. Present work reports a flexible chitosan-based piezoelectric nanogenerator (CPENG) fabricated through a simple solution-casting method using commercially available chitosan, an abundant natural biopolymer. The device exploits the intrinsic dipolar structure of chitosan to convert low-frequency mechanical stimuli into electrical energy via piezoelectric polarization and efficient charge separation. Under periodic finger tapping, the CPENG delivers a stable open-circuit voltage of ~ 18 V and a short-circuit current of ~ 1.0 µA, corresponding to a maximum power density of ~ 18 µW cm⁻². The device exhibits highly reproducible electrical signals, indicating stable dipole alignment and rapid charge transport during repeated mechanical deformation. Furthermore, the nanogenerator efficiently harvests energy from various ambient sources, including finger touch (~ 1.6 V), body vibration (~ 1.2–1.5 V), and airflow (~ 200–380 mV). The practical energy-storage capability is demonstrated by charging a 1 µF capacitor to ~ 2.3 V within 20 s, and the harvested energy is sufficient to illuminate 13 light-emitting diodes. These results highlight chitosan as an eco-friendly and efficient piezoelectric material for next-generation flexible and self-powered energy harvesting systems.

The significance of Bhartṛhari's Śabdādvaitavāda as a profound investigation of the multifaceted relationship between śabda, artha, and reality, stands out as truly newsworthy and gives a noteworthy perspective on the investigation of language. This philosophical system upheld everyday thinking by announcing that language isn't simply an apparatus for correspondence however the actual premise of reality and cognizance. Bhartṛhari's address is engraved definitely as far as etymological inquiry and awesome request, in semantic hypothesis and otherworldliness. It draws matches with Advaita Vedanta, accentuating non-duality, yet contrasts by focusing language (śabda) as the centre of the real world. Bhartṛhari asserts that language creates the world, shaping our perceptions, thoughts, and experiences. He explores the intricate bond between words (pada) and objects (artha), demonstrating how words shape our understanding of reality. To explain the relation between the eternal śabdatattva and the produced word Bhartṛhari mentioned four levels of Language. Those are-Parā (transcendental stage), Paśyanti (beyond human comprehension), Madhyamā (mental language), Vaikharī or verbal (human language). The non-duality of śabda and artha brings up captivating philosophical issues. While they seem particular, Bhartṛhari battles that their division is a consequence of human insight and phonetic shows. He makes sense of this solidarity through the idea of the sphoṭa hypothesis, which sets that the pith of language is a resolute entire, uncovered through discourse. In this way, Bhartṛhari's way of thinking shown us a new dimension of thinking on the language. This paper centers around Bhartṛhari's inventive way to deal with accommodating the clear contrast among śabda and artha, demonstrating how he dissolves this distinction into a unified, non dualistic comprehension of language and reality.