The extract of genomic DNA from dry seeds as well as young leaves of various local Hordeum vulgare, or barley plants, the research evaluates the efficiency of three plant DNA isolation methods such as CTAB, SDS, and the integration of both. The CTAB extraction procedure effectively eliminated impurities that are linked to inhibitory chemicals, as evidenced by spectrophotometric studies. This procedure also yielded the highest DNA purity for both fresh leaves and dry seeds. At electrophoresis exposed at 70 V for 60 minutes, for DNA migration patterns, which showed intact and recoverable genomic DNA, the results validated the successful extraction of plant genetic material. The spectrophotometric experiments indicated that the CTAB protocol of extraction was successful in the removal of contaminants associated with inhibiting compounds. Furthermore, this approach resulted in the maximum DNA purity for fresh leaves and dried seeds. The research outcome in the earlier stage corroborated CTAB efficiently, which separated DNA from secondary metabolite-rich plants. Furthermore, lower purity values (about 1.30) have been obtained utilizing the combined method (CTAB + SDS), indicating the presence of residual impurities. Because of limited effectiveness in tissues containing polysaccharides as well as phenolic compounds, SDS alone yielded very low-quality DNA (purity ~1.65).
The article presents the results of the analysis of attack vectors on the following key components of the electronic digital signature system based on virtual infrastructure: Docker, Kubernetes, Nginx, PostgreSQL. The shortcomings of the security mechanisms typical for the listed components are identified. Taking into account the results of the analysis, an approaches to improving the electronic digital signature system based on virtual infrastructure is proposed. These approaches are based on implementation additional security mechanisms and use protocol for activating electronic digital signature within the framework of the specified system. This protocol was developed taking into account the relevant solutions of the Cloud Signature Consortium. The developed protocol includes mechanisms that ensure the use of the signatory’s personal key only under his or her control. The main security mechanisms of the developed protocol are as follows: 1) use of the multi-factor authentication based on PIN and one time password (OTP); 2) use of a secure connection between the client and server parts of the electronic digital signature system based on virtual infrastructure; 3) use of signature activation data, which allows for a high degree of reliability in associating the signed hash value, elements for identifying the authenticated signatory, and the identifier of the selected private key. Prospects for improving the developed protocol are defined. They include the following: 1) implementation of mechanisms aimed at preventive detection of enemy actions; 2) reduction of the number of steps required to perform authentication; 3) implementation of mechanisms aimed at additional analysis of the signature activation data release process; 4) implementation of a method for detecting digital image violations using artificial intelligence technologies.
A comparative evaluation of the bit error rate (BER) performance of 16-PSK, 16-APSK, and 16-DPSK modulation schemes is conducted for a $2 \times 3$ multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless communication system. The system is implemented using MATLAB Simulink 2025b and examined under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), Rician, and Rayleigh fading channels System, performance is assessed using BER and energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio ($\mathbf{E}_{\mathbf{b}} / \mathbf{N}_{\mathbf{0}}$) criteria The results indicate that the APSK modulation scheme achieves equivalent BER performance at noticeably reduced $E_{b} / N_{0}$ levels relative to PSK with a substantially larger reduction observed when compared to DPSK across the considered propagation environments. These findings confirm that modulation scheme selection has a measurable impact on the reliability and energy efficiency of MIMO based wireless communication systems.
The escalating global water crisis, driven by population growth, industrialization, and climate change, necessitates urgent advancements in sustainable water and wastewater treatment. Conventional treatment paradigms, while effective, often entail significant operational expenses due to high energy demands, intensive chemical consumption, and complex infrastructure requirements, leading to substantial environmental footprints and making them financially prohibitive for many communities, particularly in developing regions. This abstract critically examines the imperative for shifting towards eco-friendly and economically viable treatment technologies that mitigate these challenges. It explores the inherent limitations of traditional methods, which frequently generate considerable sludge volumes requiring further management and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, thereby underscoring the pressing need for innovative solutions that prioritize both environmental stewardship and financial accessibility in securing global water resources. This paper reviews a range of emerging eco-friendly and cost-effective technologies poised to revolutionize water and wastewater management. We delve into advanced biological processes such as anaerobic membrane bioreactors and integrated fixed-film activated sludge systems, which promise reduced energy consumption and enhanced contaminant removal, alongside nature-based solutions like constructed wetlands and phytoremediation, lauded for their low operational costs and ecological benefits. Furthermore, the abstract considers innovative hybrid systems, resource recovery approaches that transform wastewater into valuable products (e.g., energy, nutrients), and decentralized treatment options designed for adaptability and scalability. These technologies offer compelling advantages, including minimized chemical usage, lower energy footprints, reduced infrastructure costs, and a substantial decrease in sludge generation, making them particularly attractive for achieving sustainable urban and rural water security. The integration of these solutions holds significant potential to enhance resilience against water stress, promote circular economy principles, and ensure equitable access to clean water globally.
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of 8-Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) and 8-Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (8-APSK) modulation schemes in a $2 \times 3$ Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless communication system. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB with Simulink over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and fading channels (Rician and Rayleigh) for different values of the Energy per Bit to Noise Power Spectral Density Ratio $\left(E_{b} / N_{0}\right)$. The system is analyzed under spatial multiplexing conditions to evaluate the impact of noise and fading on signal quality. Results show that 8-PSK achieves better BER performance than 8-APSK in all tested channel conditions, requiring $3.12-3.45 \mathrm{~dB}$ less $\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{b}} / \mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{o}}$ to reach a BER of $10^{-6}$. This superior performance is attributed to the robustness of 8-PSK against amplitude variations, making it a more power-efficient and reliable option for wireless systems that demand stable connectivity and efficient data transmission.
