The synthesis of protective cobalt-manganese spinel coatings was accomplished through the utilization of the non-stationary electrolysis method, applied to the surface of Crofer 22 APU stainless steel. In order to achieve optimal electrical conductivity and enhanced stability of the phase composition within the cathode chamber of the SOFC, the Co-Mn spinel coatings were doped with copper, nickel, or iron. XRD analysis indicates that the primary phase is manganese-cobalt spinel (MnCo2O4). As indicated by the XPS data, cobalt exhibits a charge state of 2+, while manganese displays a charge state of 2+ and 4+. Iron is predominantly oxidized to the 2+ state. Nickel, copper, and cobalt all demonstrate a charge state of 2+. It was established that ASR for Cu-, Ni-, and Fe-doped protective cobalt-manganese spinel coatings exhibited sufficiently low resistance values of 5-20 m Omega cm2 after 2500 h of oxidation in air in contact with the LSM cathode at a constant current load of 0.5 A/cm2.
For decades, chloride ions Cl-have been considered a key factor in the electrochemical behavior of aluminum in chloride electrolytes, including depassivation, pitting corrosion, and anodic dissolution. However, the influence of electrolyte cations has been considered secondary or ignored in most classical studies. In this study, we investigated the influence of electrolyte cations (MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2) on the electrochemical behavior of aluminum under the influence of an alternating symmetrical pulsed current with a density of 1 A.cm-2. The study found that in the presence of Ba2+and Sr2+, aluminum is oxidized to form dispersed two-phase products AlOOH and Al(OH)3, with an average particle size of 1.9 and 2.2 nm for the AlOOH phase and 20.4 and 13.9 nm for the Al(OH)3 phase. In Mg2+and Ca2+chlorides, passivating films of Mg(OH)2 or Ca(OH)2 are formed, as well as layered double hydroxides-Mg6Al2(OH)16Cl2 center dot 4H2O (Mg-Al LDH) or Ca2Al(OH)6Cl center dot 2H2O (Ca-Al LDH), respectively, which inhibit aluminum corrosion under pulse electrolysis conditions, even in the presence of activating Cl-ions. Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Replacing a carbazole unit in 4CzIPN with electron-deficient azoles affords photocatalysts with enhanced excited-state oxidation potentials (up to +1.62 V vs. SCE). The benzimidazole derivative BMz3CzIPN outperforms 4CzIPN in redox-neutral decarboxylative Giese addition and oxidative anisole bromination, and proves more efficient in the challenging long-term reductive dechlorination of 4-chloroanisole.
В статье дается оценка растущему влиянию использования автоматизированных систем и искусственного интеллекта в уголовном судопроизводстве. Отмечается, что технологии действительно ускоряют процесс и открывают новые возможности для выявления сложных связей в данных, но вместе с тем они ставят перед правовой практикой серьезные вопросы этического и нормативного характера, которые нельзя игнорировать. Особое внимание уделено рискам ошибочной идентификации лиц, алгоритмической предвзятости и информационной асимметрии между сторонами процесса, а также пробелам в действующем регулировании. Эти недостатки при определенном стечении обстоятельств могут подорвать само начало справедливого разбирательства. На основе практических примеров авторы вносят конкретные предложения по повышению прозрачности алгоритмов, обеспечению их объяснимости и созданию механизмов контрэкспертизы, призванных защитить права обвиняемых и сохранить легитимность судебного решения. This article assesses the growing influence of automated systems and artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings. It notes that while these technologies do speed up the process and open up new opportunities for identifying complex data relationships, they also raise serious ethical and regulatory issues for legal practice that cannot be ignored. Particular attention is paid to the risks of misidentification, algorithmic bias, and information asymmetry between parties to the proceedings, as well as gaps in current regulations. Under certain circumstances, these shortcomings can undermine the very beginning of a fair trial. Based on practical examples, the authors offer specific proposals for increasing the transparency of algorithms, ensuring their explainability, and creating counter-examination mechanisms designed to protect the rights of the accused and maintain the legitimacy of judicial decisions.
