Qafqaz University (in Azerbaijani: Qafqaz Universiteti) was a private university located in Baku, Azerbaijan. It was founded in 1993 and was the first and the only foreign private university in the country. On 16 January 2017, it was decided by management to shut down the university.
The present study aimed to investigate the presence of asymmetric stochastic volatility and leverage effects within the Nasdaq-100 index. This index is widely regarded as an important indicator for investors. We focused on the nine leading stocks within the index, which are highlypopular and hold significant weight in the investment world. These stocks are Netflix, PayPal, Google, Intel, Microsoft, Amazon, Tesla, Apple, and Meta. The study covered the period between 03/01/2017 and 30/01/2023, and we employed the Eviews and WinBUGS applications to conduct the analysis.We began by calculating the logarithmic difference to obtain the return series. We then performed a sample test with 100,000 iterations, excluding the first 10,000 samples to eliminate the initial bias of the coefficients. This left us with 90,000 samples for analysis. Using the results of the asymmetric stochastic volatility model, we evaluated both the Nasdaq-100 index as a whole and the volatility persistence, predictability, and correlation levels of individual stocks. Thisallowed us to evaluate the ability of individual stocks to represent the characteristics of the Nasdaq-100 index. Our findings revealed a dense clustering of volatility, both for the Nasdaq-100 index and the nine individual stocks. We observed that this volatility is continuous but has a predictable impact on variability. Moreover, with the exception of Intel, all the stocks in the model exhibited both leverage effects and the presence of asymmetric relationships, as did the Nasdaq-100 index as a whole. Overall, our results show that the characteristics of stocks in the model are similar to the volatility characteristic of the Nasdaq-100 index and have the ability to represent it.
In this work, metastable states are investigated by conducting experiments on the melting curve of liquid benzene at high pressure and temperature. Experiments were conducted in the range of P = 1-1000 atm pressure and T = 278.5-356 K temperature. The experimental results are shown in thermograms. Thermograms are the only method that physically characterizes the metastable state of a substance at high pressure and temperature. Paul Ehrenfest and L.D. Landau classified the phase transitions as first and second order depending on the metastable state. The second order phase transition is characterized by the isothermal process. On the other hand first order phase transition is characterized by the adiabatic and isothermal process. The careful examination of the experimental results of liquid benzene revealed a new metastable state which we called "SUPER METASTABLE" state. SUPER METASTABLE state is clearly different from the first and second degree metastable states.
