Rayalaseema University

It is crucial to update the software on resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices often to ensure their security, since these devices are becoming common targets for malicious attacks. Current software payment and delivery systems, on the other hand, have a client-server architecture with several services, which increases the attack surface due to the number of data transits between the client and server. Our proposed blockchain-powered end-to-end secure software upgrade delivery structure for IoT devices transfers cryptographic computation away from devices with limited resources and onto a decentralized blockchain system, with the goals of ensuring the security, reliability, availability, efficiency, as well as auditability of verified software delivery. To reduce the computational cost for creating keys and key delivery on the device's side and to ensure that software upgrades can only be installed and decrypted on authorized IoT devices, we utilize cipher Text Policy Attribution-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) and create a customized authorization policy. Plus, smart contracts guarantee the manufacturer-IoT device payment process and the safe, atomic transfer of software. Offloading computation-based verification validation to intelligent contracts ensures the given software's legitimacy. Smart contracts effectively ensure the delivery of improvements to software in return for payment, and immutable data stored on the blockchain’s public record helps satisfy compliance audits. To verify the efficacy of the proposed framework, we conduct experiments and security analyses to compare it to state-of-the-art research.

This study assessed the neuroprotective effectiveness of red grape seed extract (RGSE) and examined the biochemical and histological aspects of neurotoxicity in offspring born to pregnant rats exposed to neurotoxins. The 48 male pups were divided into four groups: control, RGSE-treated (100 mg/kg), D-galactose (D-Gal; 120 mg/kg) and D-Gal + RGSE. Behavioral reactions, histological changes, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in cerebellar tissues. Reduced nuclear size, altered cerebellar architecture, and markedly increased oxidative stress levels in offspring were all signs of the severe neurotoxicity caused by D-Gal exposure. On the other hand, RGSE administration demonstrated its potent antioxidant qualities by improving structural organization, restoring cellular integrity and lowering oxidative stress markers. These results imply that cerebellar development is significantly impacted by prenatal neurotoxicity, while RGSE provides significant protection by reducing oxidative and cellular damage (p < 0.05). All things considered, RGSE shows promise as a treatment option to stop cerebellar impairment brought on by developmental neurotoxicity.

Introduction: Experimental measurements on the X-ray and gamma ray absorption coefficients are of interest in designing and developing shielding materials for personnel as well as sites of radiation facilities. In a search for flexible, less cumbersome, thin, and cost- effective shielding materials, TiO2 nanoparticles have been studied for their ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation using a simple transmission experiment. Method: A simple transmission experiment is designed employing radioactive sources, a collimator, and a NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometer. Intensities of gamma rays of 662, 1170, and 1330 keV energy from radioactive sources 137Cs and 60Co through different thicknesses of TiO2 nanomaterial absorber, along with their respective direct intensities without the absorber, are measured. From the ratios of these intensities, along with the density of TiO2 nanomaterial, linear and mass absorption coefficients are calculated. Results: It is interesting to note that the experimental attenuation coefficients for 662 keV gamma energy are about 40% more than the corresponding XCOM value. However, the difference decreases with increasing energy, with 30% and 20% more than those of XCOM values for 1170 keV and 1330 keV, respectively. Discussion: The significant enhancement in the absorption property of TiO2 nanoparticles might be interpreted in terms of the unique characteristics of nanoparticles. The unusually high shielding effect of TiO2 nanoparticles is likely to originate from their unique size-dependent properties. Conclusions: We report here an interesting observation of significant enhancement of the absorption of gamma radiation by TiO2 nanoparticles. This absorption is more significant at low energies when compared to high energies.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) were successfully synthesized using Sargassum wightii aqueous extract via a green synthesis approach. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption peak at 354 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation [25,26]. FTIR analysis revealed the involvement of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amine groups in reduction and stabilization, while XRD confirmed a face-centered cubic fluorite structure with high crystallinity and an average crystallite size of ~15.9 nm [21]. SEM images indicated predominantly spherical nanoparticles with slight agglomeration, and EDX analysis confirmed the elemental composition of cerium and oxygen, indicating high purity. The synthesized SW–CeO₂ NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with concentration-dependent inhibition, particularly against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas [22]. DPPH assay demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, increasing from 18.45% to 74.32% with concentration, indicating strong free radical scavenging ability [22]. The nanoscale size, high surface area, and redox properties (Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺) enhance their potential in drug delivery applications, enabling efficient drug loading, controlled release, and protection against oxidative stress [23].

A series of Er2O3 doped glass systems with compositions 33.35Na2O–66.65B2O3–(10 − x)Bi2O3–xEr2O3 (x = 0–2 mol