Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality in the Russian Federation and worldwide. The authors of this study previously developed and validated a comprehensive organizational and diagnostic program aimed at the early detection of CRC in the Samara Region, with initial results published in earlier works. However, a long-term assessment of the diagnostic effectiveness of the implemented regional model – based on the transition from a qualitative to a quantitative fecal immunochemical test (iFOBT) for occult blood and digital patient routing-requires a detailed epidemiological analysis over an extended observation period. Objective: to conduct a comparative evaluation of the diagnostic effectiveness of a two-stage CRC screening model in the Samara Region during the periods of qualitative occult blood testing (2018–2022) and quantitative immunochemical testing within the upgraded organizational model (2023–2025). Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis was performed using data from the Samara Region Unified Medical Information and Analytical System (GIS SO EMIAS) and regional oncology registries from 2018 to 2025. The study included data on 2,129,550 screening fecal occult blood tests conducted in individuals aged 40–75 years. Assessed parameters included target population coverage, proportion of positive screening tests, detection rate of confirmed CRC cases per 1,000 screened individuals, and tumor stage distribution (TNM). Statistical analysis employed the Chi-square (χ²) test with Yates’ correction, the Mann–Whitney U test for non-parametric data, and calculation of relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. The transition to the quantitative iFOBT method in 2023 led to a statistically significant increase in the proportion of positive tests from a mean of 0.37% (range: 0.29–0.44%) in 2018–2022 to 5.59% (range: 5.13–7.18%) in 2023–2025 (χ² = 12,847.3; p < 0.0001). The CRC detection rate rose from 0.26 to 1.85 per 1,000 screened individuals (a 7.1-fold increase; p < 0.001). The absolute number of newly diagnosed CRC cases over the three years of the new model implementation reached 1,072, which is 2.6 times higher than the 417 cases recorded during the preceding five-year period. A key achievement was the favorable shift in stage distribution: the proportion of stage I–II tumors increased from 39.57% to 70.24% (χ² = 214.6; p < 0.001). Resource utilization efficiency improved markedly: the number of tests required to detect one case of early-stage CRC decreased from 9,389 in the previous model to 771 in the new model (a 12-fold increase in efficiency). Conclusion. Implementation of the regional CRC screening model, founded on quantitative immunochemical testing and seamless digital patient routing, demonstrates high diagnostic effectiveness. The model ensures a substantial increase in the detection of CRC at early, curable stages while optimizing healthcare resource utilization. These findings support the scalability of this approach and its integration into federal oncology screening guidelines.
Various hematological indices, particularly those derived from the complete blood count (CBC), are central to the pathogenesis of pulmonary disorders. Within the established framework of leukocyte differential analysis, eosinophils have been relegated to a minor role Their primary functions are conventionally restricted to anti-parasitic immunity and the mediation of allergic reactions. Recent studies have elucidated the pleiotropic nature of eosinophil functionality. This review explores the mechanisms by which eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of infectious lung diseases and evaluates their clinical prognostic significance. A systematic analysis was conducted of 30 international and 14 Russian peer-reviewed publications indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, eLIBRARY, and CyberLeninka databases. Eosinophils demonstrate robust protective mechanisms against bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens through the deployment of cytotoxic proteins, extracellular DNA traps, phagocytosis, and immunomodulatory signaling. Nevertheless, their activation can precipitate significant tissue damage. Current evidence indicates that a decrease in the eosinophils level is associated with severe community-acquired pneumonia and bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and serves as a critical predictor of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. The article underscores the significant diagnostic and prognostic utility of monitoring eosinophil levels in the management of infectious pulmonary pathology. Keywords: eosinophils, viruses, bacteria, fungal infection, tuberculosis, phagocytosis, COVID-19. For citation: Starkova D.V., Borodulina E.A., Shamina M.S., Bakhmetyeva N.A. Eosinopenia and the dual modality of eosinophil function in the pathogenesis of infectious lung diseases. RMJ. 2026;1:35–38. DOI: 10.32364/2225-2282-2026-1-7
SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting COVID-19 disease in healthcare workers can be considered an occupational disease if the infection occurs while performing their job duties. In addition to respiratory damage, SARS-CoV-2 can lead to hematological disorders, nervous system disorders, and the development of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. This clinical case describes potential serious multisystem pathological manifestations associated with the novel coronavirus infection, including pulmonary fibrosis and polyneuropathy. Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, followed by hematological disorders and musculoskeletal complications, such as inflammatory arthropathy and aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral heads, is described. The principles and results of a medical examination conducted to establish a causal relationship between the disease and the healthcare worker's professional activities are presented. The need for a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 and its complications, with the mandatory participation of a neurologist and rheumatologist, is emphasized
Aim.To analyze and systematize current data on the capabilities of FDG-PET in the differential diagnosis of major neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia, and to develop a framework for a practical algorithm for the visual assessment of hypometabolism patterns. Eligibility criteria.Publications containing original data and/or a synthesizing analysis on the use of FDG-PET for the differential diagnosis of major forms of dementia were included. Eligible publications comprised original studies, clinically relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, studies with publicly accessible full texts in English and/or Russian, and papers published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Duplicate publications, papers without accessible full texts, single case reports, conference abstracts, expert opinions lacking systematized data or meta-analysis, dissertations, patents, and publications in languages other than Russian and English were excluded. Information sources.The literature search was conducted over a five-month period, from June 2025 to October 2025, in international and Russian bibliographic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY. The search depth was 7 years, from 2019 to 2025. Risk of bias.Risk of bias assessment for individual studies was not performed due to the high heterogeneity of the included studies. Synthesis of results.The present review analyzes the methodology and diagnostic performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the differential diagnosis of the major neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) leading to dementia. Included studies.The primary search yielded 1221 publications: 518 from PubMed/MEDLINE, 387 from ScienceDirect, 256 from Google Scholar, and 60 from eLIBRARY. The final sample for the review included 60 publications. Results of the synthesis.The pathophysiological basis of the method is the assessment of glucose uptake as a biomarker of neuronal metabolic activity, which is closely linked to synaptic function. The review characterizes specific hypometabolism patterns: in Alzheimer's disease (AD), hypometabolism is observed in the temporoparietal cortical regions and the posterior cingulate gyrus/precuneus; in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), involvement of the frontal lobes and the anterior cingulate gyrus is characteristic; and in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the key feature is hypometabolism in the occipital lobe, particularly in the primary visual cortex, with relative sparing of the posterior cingulate gyrus. Current algorithms for interpreting FDG-PET data are discussed separately, including systematic visual analysis and semi-quantitative methods such as statistical parametric mapping (SPM), which enhance the diagnostic accuracy of the technique. Limitations of the evidence.Despite high diagnostic performance, limitations of the method related to the overlapping of metabolic patterns in mixed pathologies have been identified. Hypometabolism is not an absolutely specific marker of irreversible neurodegeneration and must be interpreted in conjunction with the clinical presentation. Interpretation.The importance of standardizing the imaging protocol, controlling blood glucose levels, and standardizing scanning conditions to ensure result reliability is highlighted. The need for an integrative approach combining FDG-PET data with the clinical picture, MRI, and, in complex cases, with molecular analysis and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers is also substantiated. Taken together, this makes it possible to minimize diagnostic errors and lay the foundation for a personalized approach to the management of patients with NDDs. Funding.No funding sources were provided. Registration.The protocol was not registered.
The topic of treatment at the dental appointment for patients with elevated arterial blood pressure (BP) is rarely covered in the periodical press and is not thoroughly described in the national recommendations. At the same time, the high prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) leads to constant clinical situations when the patients with elevated BP or the presence of an anamnesis of AH are needed in stomatological management. The proposed clinical example discusses key issues that arise in the management of such patients, including the possibility, time and conditions for dental interventions, necessity of the drug therapy to rapidly reduce BP, using the local anesthesia and control of antihypertensive therapy. The authors emphasize the importance of a joint discussion of such clinical situations by dentists and therapists, taking into account modern knowledge about the therapy of AH, and the methods of treatment the dental diseases.
