SGH Warsaw School of Economics (Polish: Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, SGH) is the oldest and most prestigious business school in Poland. SGH Warsaw School of Economics was founded in 1906 as a private school under the name August Zieliński Private Trade Courses for Men. On 30 July 1919 it became a separate legal entity and was granted the status of an institution of higher education. The school was renamed Szkoła Główna Handlowa (SGH) in 1933. Following World War II SGH was nationalized and its name changed to Szkoła Główna Planowania i Statystyki (Main School of Planning and Statistics) with an abbreviation of SGPiS. The school regained its pre-war name after the fall of communism in 1991.SGH Warsaw School of Economics offers courses leading to bachelor's or master's degrees to both full-time and extramural students. It also offers programs for doctoral and postgraduate degrees. Its Finance and Accounting program was ranked among the Top 60 Masters in Management by the Financial Times in 2018.SGH Warsaw School of Economics cooperates with around 200 higher education institutions around the world within student and staff exchange areas. It is also a member of the CEMS, the LLP Erasmus, the Partnership in International Management network (PIM) and the European University Association EUA.It is located at the northern edge of the Mokotów district of Warsaw. Bus and tram stops as well as the Pole Mokotowskie metro station are nearby..
The aim of this paper is to investigate how the presence of women on corporate boards shapes the scope of climate disclosure on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the context of mandatory reporting introduced by the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD). Addressing inconsistencies in prior research and the limited evidence on gender-related dynamics in compliance with mandatory disclosure, we examine whether different forms of female board representation generate heterogeneous treatment effects once the NFRD enters into force. Using a sample of 72 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange subject to the NFRD requirements, we apply a difference-in-differences design to capture firm-level variation in disclosure behavior over time. The findings show that the introduction of the NFRD does not affect all firms uniformly: Companies with a critical mass of at least three female directors or a female board chair experience significantly stronger post-NFRD increases in the scope of climate-related disclosure. These heterogeneous treatment effects suggest that numerical representation and structural power of female directors, treated independently, condition firms’ responsiveness to mandatory sustainability reporting. The results are robust to a series of additional tests, including pooled models, sector-specific subsamples, and propensity score matching.
This paper evaluates the performance of leading micro-founded pricing-to-market frictions vis-a-vis a set of robust stylized facts about international prices. In order to make that evaluation meaningful, we embed each friction into a unified IRBC framework and parameterize the models in a uniform way. Our goal is to evaluate the broad-based applicability of these frictions for policy-oriented DSGE modeling by documenting their strengths and weaknesses. We make three points: (i) the mechanisms generating pricing to market are not always neutral to business cycle dynamics of quantities, (ii) some mechanisms require producer markups at least 50% to account for the full range of estimates of the empirical exchange rate pass-through to export prices of 35%-50%, (iii) some frictions crucially depend on a particular driver of uncertainty in the underlying model.
BACKGROUND Missed appointments (patient no-shows) are a critical challenge undermining healthcare system efficiency globally. This study aims to characterize the patient no-show phenomenon in Poland, identify factors associated with missed appointments, and propose potential measures to reduce the no-show phenomenon in the Polish healthcare system. MATERIAL AND METHODS A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted using computer-assisted web interviews (CAWI) from August 1 to 4, 2025. The study used quota sampling stratified by sex, age, and residence to obtain a nationwide sample of 1162 Polish adults aged 18 to 96 years. A self-prepared questionnaire was used. RESULTS Among all respondents, 88.5% used healthcare services within the previous 12 months. Among healthcare users (n=1014), 14% missed appointments without cancellation. Forgetting appointments (42.3%) and communication barriers (27.5%) were identified as the primary reasons for no-shows. Text message (SMS) reminder systems received 62.5% support, while 67.5% endorsed the implementation of a penalty fee for public system non-attendance. Multivariable analysis revealed significantly (P<0.05) increased odds of no-shows among adults aged under 60 years of age, parents with children <18 years (aOR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.28-3.40), and individuals with moderate (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.19-2.72) or poor financial status (aOR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.47-4.60). CONCLUSIONS This study showed a relatively high prevalence of missed appointments in Poland. Young age, parental responsibilities, and economic constraints were associated with higher odds of no-shows. Findings support expanding digital notification systems and multi-channel communication infrastructure to reduce no-shows, rather than using punitive approaches.
This study assesses the impact of U.S. presidential elections on stock market behaviour, focusing on the 2016, 2020, and 2024 elections, in which Donald Trump was a candidate. Using an event-study framework, we analyse changes in S&P 500 volatility and returns by comparing a 10-day election event period with a preceding 10-day control period. We assume that mean volatility and returns differ significantly between these periods. To verify the robustness of the results, we conduct a comparative analysis using the results from earlier U.S. presidential elections in 2004, 2008, and 2012. Furthermore, the implementation of a placebo test for structurally analogous non-election periods strengthens the credibility of the findings. The results reveal a significant increase in the volatility of S&P 500 returns during all three Trump-involved election periods. However, they do not confirm statistically significant differences in mean rates of return between event and control periods. For both the 2004, 2008, and 2012 election periods and the placebo periods, volatility changes are not statistically significant, supporting the robustness of the findings. Our results confirm increased market uncertainty during the U.S. presidential election periods involving Donald Trump as a candidate.
We present the first national, regional, and sectoral GDP estimates for interwar Poland. Our estimates indicate that the economy performed substantially better than is commonly assumed. Between 1924 and 1938, real GDP per capita rose by 41
