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Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) is grown throughout the tropics, but the plant is very common in South-East Asia (e.g. Thailand), Southern China, Africa and South America. Farmers have frequently used pesticides while planting in order to avoid and eradicate pests and diseases. The application of biofertilizers containing growth-promoting and disease-suppressing microorganisms represents a sustainable and economically viable strategy for enhancing plant health and productivity. The aims of this study were (1) to screen for and identify antagonistic bacteria which can both control Agroathelia rolfsii (anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.), the cause of root rot disease, and promote growth of the yardlong bean, and (2) to produce granular biofertilizer amended with an antagonistic bacterium and assess its efficacy on the growth and yield of yardlong bean. The bacterium that inhibited A. rolfsii, had the capacity to solubilize phosphate, enhanced the growth of yardlong bean, and showed no antagonistic activity toward Rhizobium sp. TAL 638 – used as a representative surrogate for beneficial plant-associated bacteria – was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (HY 4–3-4). A granular biofertilizer was created incorporating this bacterium (at 8.99 × 108 CFU/g), which continued to be efficient in inhibiting the mycelial growth of A. rolfsii even after 16 months of storage at 26–30 °C. In pot experiments, the granular biofertilizer was effective at controlling root and stem rot of yardlong bean. The yardlong bean stem length, fresh and dry weight, and number of nodules on the roots were all increased by application of granular biofertilizer. In field experiments, the granular biofertilizer provided moderate disease control but was less effective than mancozeb, while significantly improving yield parameters.. Thus, employing biofertilizers may contribute to environmental sustainability by lowering the amount of chemicals used in growing yardlong bean.
Tissue culture of durian remains a bottleneck problem due to difficulty in surface sterilization and regeneration of initial explants caused by mucilage secretion after explant wounding. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a disinfectant and can be used for plant tissue culture instead of the autoclaving medium. The aim of this research was to study effects of ClO2 and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on in vitro sterilization and shoot induction. Ex vitro nodal segment was cut and directly transferred to the medium with different concentrations of ClO2 compared to the autoclaving medium. The results showed that 90 mg/l ClO2 gave the best results in sterilization at 45.45% and axillary bud break at 60%. For concentrations of N6-benzyladenine (BA) tested, the highest axillary bud break at 71.42% was obtained from 1 mg/l BA-containing medium after 4 weeks of culture. When transferring sterile axillary shoot to gibberellic acid (GA3)-containing culture medium of different types, the results demonstrated that shoot elongation was successful from culturing on solid medium overlaid with liquid medium with the same components together with 1 mg/l GA3 for 4 weeks. It can be concluded that ClO2 improves sterilization of culture medium and explants. BA together with GA3 promote shoot development of durian cv. Chani.
The purpose of this research is to develop a highly secured non-breakable fastest cryptosystem. A significant number of image encryption plans have been proposed during the past years. By far, most such plans arrive at a high-security level; be that as it may, their moderate velocities due to their complex phenomenon make them of no utilization progressively applications. Motivated by this, we propose another proficient and quick image encryption plan subject to the trigonometric turbulent guide. In contrast with most current plans, we utilize this basic map to create just a couple of arbitrary rows and columns in the form of S-boxes. Besides, to, moreover, accelerate, we raise the handling unit from the pixel level to the line/segment level. Security of the new plan is acquired through a replacement stage organization, where we implemented around the shift of lines and segments to break the strong relation between adjoining pixels and non-repeating sequences. By then, we join the Exclusive-OR operation with modulo capacity to cover the pixel esteems and avoid any spilling of information. High-security tests and reenactment examinations have been done to display that the plan is extremely safe and particularly speedy for continuous picture preparation at 80 fps (frames per second). The present research has developed a cryptosystem based on Exclusive-OR with S-box (Substitution Box) and trigonometric chaotic map (TCM) of image matrices. High security is achieved due to the non-repeating sequence of the TCM. Earlier, the author has already presented the efficacy of the TCM combined with the S-Boxes.
Sclerotium rolfsii, the causal agent of southern blight, causes significant yield losses in chili pepper. Beneficial rhizosphere bacteria represent promising alternatives for sustainable disease management. In this study, thirteen bacterial isolates from the chili pepper rhizosphere were screened for antifungal activity, and a highly effective isolate was selected for further investigation. Whole-genome sequencing identified the isolate as Priestia aryabhattai, and antiSMASH analysis combined with LC-QTOF-MS profiling revealed multiple putatively identified metabolites, including cyclic peptides, lipid-related compounds, and previously reported bioactive molecules. Culture filtrates (CF) strongly inhibited mycelial growth (up to 99.8%) and completely suppressed sclerotia formation, while exhibiting broad-spectrum antifungal activity against ten phytopathogenic fungi. Application of the isolate enhanced chili seed germination and early seedling growth. In greenhouse trials, bacterial treatment improved seedling survival, showing efficacy comparable to fungicide treatment under the conditions tested. Field trials further demonstrated a substantial reduction in disease severity (73%), supporting effective pathogen mitigation across multiple experimental systems. Mechanistic investigations revealed mycolytic activity and disruption of redox homeostasis in S. rolfsii, as evidenced by increased ROS accumulation and altered antioxidant enzyme activities. Collectively, these findings support effective pathogen mitigation linked to mechanistic insights, highlighting P. aryabhattai R-KT-26 as a promising candidate for sustainable biological control of chili pepper southern blight.
This study evaluated the effects of hydrothermal pretreatment (50-150 degrees C) and hydrochar addition (2.5-10 %) on the anaerobic digestion of grass silage (GS), starchy residues (SR, LCR), and waste oil (WO). Hydrothermal pretreatment at 150 degrees C significantly increased methane yield from GS, but reduced performance for starchy residues, indicating that its effectiveness is highly substrate-dependent. In contrast, hydrochar derived from digestate (HD), owing to its higher surface area, ash content, and electrical conductivity, outperformed hydrochar from Leucaena residue. The combined application of 10 % HD and hydrothermal pretreatment accelerated early-stage methanogenesis but lowered cumulative methane yields after 35 days. Importantly, hydrochar addition alone improved or maintained methane yield across all substrates, and for GS it provided an alternative to hydrothermal pretreatment. Optimal hydrochar dosages-5 % for Un-GS and Un-LCR, 2.5 % for Un-SR, and 5 % for WO-enhanced methane yields (e.g., +19.2 % for GS, +7.4 % for LCR) and maintained yields for Un-SR and WO. These findings highlight the need for substrate-specific pretreatment strategies and support the transition of conventional biogas plants toward net-zero emissions by integrating energy generation with naturebased carbon sequestration.
